Aggilos, phonetic equivalent of Aṅgiras, 147.

Agni, fire, a Vedic matutinal deity, 68; living in long darkness, 116; his hidden home in waters and darkness, 294; as child of waters, 294; traversing the universe, 309; his secret third station, 309; seven rays or tongues, and ten secret dwellings of, 318.

Agniṣhṭoma, a Soma-sacrifice, 190

Ahalyâ, the legend of, 327.

Ahanî, Day and Night, distinguished from Uṣhâsâ-naktâ, 124; right and left side of the Year-god, 126-127.

Ahîna, a Soma-sacrifice of less than thirteen days, 190.

Ahura Mazda, warning Yima about the coming winter in Airyana Vaêjo, 67, 330.

Airyana Vaêjo, the original Paradise of the Iranians or the Aryan race, Yima’s Vara in, 67; description of, in the Vendidad, 332-334; wrongly identified with countries to the east of Iran, 335-337; change in the climate of, caused by Angra Mainyu, 341; proves its invasion by ice during the last Glacial epoch, 343; ten winter months therein, 341-343; also seven summer months, 345 ƒ; annual rise of sun, moon and stars, and a year-long day at the place, 66, 67, 350; possible only if it be located in the Arctic regions, and not to the east of Iran, 352; description of the glaciation of, 355.

Aitihâsikas, their school of Vedic interpretation, 221.

Aiyangâr, Mr., Nârâyaṇa, on the interpretation of Vedic myths on the Astral theory, 59, 227; on the nature of Kumâra, Kârrtikeya, 295; on the nature of Sitâ, 324.

Aiyer, Mr., on the yuga-system in the Purâṇas, 393-396.

Âjânadevatâs, 220.

Alburz, a mountain, separating the upper from the lower world in the Avesta, 247; apertures in, for the sun to pass through, 250, 296.

Alps, low in early geological ages, 20.

Altitude, high, its effect on climate, 20.

Amma, the ascending stream of, in the Finnish mythology, 256.

Ammarik, the gloaming, in the Finnish mythology, 376.

Anaximenes, on the overhead rotation of the sky, 72.

Aṅgirasâm-ayanam, the yearly sacrificial session of Aṅgirases 148, 177, 193.

Aṅgirases, ancient sacrificers of the Aryan race, 147; probably Indo-European in origin, 148; different species of, the Navagvas and the Dashagvas, 149; ten months’ sacrifical session of the latter, 150; helping Indra in the rescue of the end of each year, 150; found the cows at the sun dwelling in darkness, 150; described as Virûpas, that is, of various forms, 154.

Angra Mainyu, the evil spirit in the Avesta, destroys Airyana Vaêjo by introducing severe winter therein, 334; explained as a glacial invasion, 343ƒ. Anquetil, discovery of the Avesta by, 330.

Âpaḥ, waters, distinguished as terrestrial and celestial in the Ṛig-Veda, 237; celestial or aerial ridden for ten months by the sun, 163, 170; ruled over by Varuṇa, 163; coeval with the world, 239; captivated by Vṛitra and released to flow upwards by Indra, cannot but be celestial, 255, 273, 274; in the seven rivers must be celestial, 267-272; cosmic circulation of the aerial, in the Avesta, 252; cessation of their flow in winter, 252-254; cosmic circulation of, in other mythologies, 255-258; their nature and characteristics as a Vedic deity summed up, 315; the same compared the Purâṇic legends, 316.

Apaosha, the demon conquered by Tishtrya, an Avestic proto-type of Shuṣhṇa in the Ṛig-Veda, 205, 206; fight with, lasting for a hundred nights, 207.

Apaturia, ancient Greek feast, 371.

Apollon, oxen of, stolen by Hermes, 188; derived from Sanskrit apavaryan, 237.

Apsu-jit, conqueror in waters, an epithet of Indra, 228-229.

Aptoryâma, a Soma-sacrifice, 190.

Ap-tûrya, the fight for waters by Indra, 228.

Âptya, See Trita.

Arag, See Rangha.

Archaeology, prehistoric, ages of Iron, Bronze and stone in, 3, 8; characterized by instruments of metals and stone discovered in the recent strata of the earth, 7; ages not synchronous in different countries, 8; transition from one into another gradual and not sudden, 8; distinction between New and Old stone age, 9; ages of Beech, Oak and Fir, 11; the date of the commencement of the Neolithic age in, 12; latest researches in, effect of, on primitive history, 3; on Vedic interpretation, 6; summary of the latest researches in, 35, 36.

Arctic regions, characterized by mild climate suitable for human habitation in inter-glacial times, 22, 35, 389; a wide continent before the glacial epoch, 39; appearance of the heavens in, 48, 52; duration of day and night in, 51, 52; dawn in, 52, 53; distinguishing characteristics of, summed up, 54-55.

Ardhau, the two celestial hemispheres in the Ṛig-Veda, 244.

Ardvi Sûra Anâhita, Avestic celestial river, like the Vedic Sarasvatî, 246, 248; grants a boon to Thraêtaona, 247, 374.

Aristotle, mentions an aerial river, 256; his belief in the reality of the deluge, 361,

Arya, Indra, dealing measure for measure to Dâsa or Vṛitra, 128, 131.

Âryabhaṭṭa, 392.

Aryan, race and people, their unity in primitive times, 2; controversy regarding the original type of, 15; Vedic, settled in central Asia in the Orion period, 391; primitive, interglacial and not post-glacial in origin, 402; European Neolithic, not progressive but retrogressive savages, 408; origin of and differentiation from other human races, lost in geological antiquity, 414.

Âshvina-shastra, a prize, in the race of matutinal deities, 76, 77, 278.

Ashvins, a dual matutinal deity in the Veda, their path, 68; time of singing the hymn or prayer of, 76; rescuers of Dîrghatamas, 156-157; physicians of gods, explained by Max Müller as restorers of the winter sun, 226, 278; their double equipment, boat and golden chariot, 257; help Indra in his fight with Vṛitra, 277-278; their exploits and character, 280-282; save their protégés from bottomless darkness, 282-283; inexplainable by the vernal theory, 283-289; safely deliver Saptavadhri from ten months’ confinement in the womb of his mother, 290-293; satisfactorily explained by the Arctic theory, 297; there three stations, the third hidden, explained, 309-310; their achievements said to be ancient, that is, inter-Glacial, 427.

Asia, Northern, the glaciation of, and milder climate in, 13; Central, the theory of the original Aryan home in, challenged by Poshe and Penka, 4; Taylor’s view, 4; Rhys’ view 380; Indo-Iranian settlements in, not primitive, 363, 390.

Astral, theory, to explain Vedic myths, 227.

Astronomers, Hindu, locate Meru at the North Pole, 62; chronology of, 392.

Atharvan, an ancient sacrificer, 147-148.

Ati-agniṣhṭoma, a Soma-sacrifice, 190, Ati-râtra, a Soma-sacrifice, 190; introduces and concludes a sattra, 192, 212; one of the night-sacrifices, 196-197, 299, extraction and purification of Soma juice therein at night, 196-197; an Avestic parallel, 197; meaning of ati in, 209; production of a cycle of day and night therefrom, 209; position of, in the annual round of sacrifices in ancient times, 212-213.

Atri, an ancient sacrificer, 147-148.

Atri Saptavadhri, See Ashvins, and Saptavadhri.

Aufrecht, Prof., 80, 82, 429.

Aurora Borealis, 44, 64.

Aupamanyava, a Nairukta, correctness of his interpretation of shipi-viṣhṭa, 306, 307, 308.

Aurṇavâbha, 303.

Autumnal, hundred forts of Vṛitra, meaning of, 204, 230, 234, 267.

Autumns, a hundred, 362.

Avesta, passages in, See Index of Avestic passages. Traditions about the Polar home in, 18, 329-363; method of counting by seasons in, 265; See Airyana Vaêjo.

Âyus, a Soma-sacrifice, 190.

Azi-Dahâk, 248, 286, 287.

B

BÂDARÂYANA, on the inauspiciousness of dying in the Dakṣhiṇâyana, 70; on the eternity of the Vedas, 428.

Balder, or Baldur, the Norse summer god, his dwelling place in the heavens, 375; killed by Hodur, the winter-god, 377.

Bali, the rescuer of Dîrghatamas, 156; Purâṇic enemy of Vâmana, 304.

Ball, Sir Robert, supports Croll’s theory, 25; but refrains from adopting Croll’s calculations, 32.

Beech age, 11; See Ages.

Bhâṇdârkar, Dr., on the date of Mâdhariputta and Puḷumâyi, 264.

Bhartṛihari, 316.

Bhâskara, Bhaṭṭa, 182, 204.

Bhâskarâchârya, on perpetual day and night, 52; his erroneous view about Uttarâyaṇa, 62.

Bhîṣhma, a Mahabharata warrior waiting to die in the Uttarâyaṇa, 70.

Bhṛigu, an ancient sacrificer, 148, 249.

Bhujyu, a protégé of the Ashvins who rescued him from bottomless darkness, 280, 282, 283, 284-287.

Bloomfield, Prof., 105, 267.

Bodas, Râjârâma Shâstri, and M. R. 414.

Brahma-chârin, the sun in the Atharva-Veda, 293.

Brahma-jâyâ, the Brahmin’s lost wife, restoration of, 323.

Brâhmaṇas, the Vedic works, the Vedas partially unintelligible at the time of their composition, 5; classification of the contents of, 119; their probable aim and nature, 119-120; on the eternity of the Vedas, 416.

Bṛihaspati, the son of Angiras, said to be seven-mouthed, 155; his conquest of cows, 186; helps Indra in the rescue of cows, from Vala, 231; savior of Trita from distress, 311; seven-mouthed, and ten-headed, 318; connected with the story of Sarmâ and Paṇis, 322; restoration of his lost wife, 322.

Bronze, age, See Ages.

Bundahish, referred to or quoted, 207, 247, 250, 336-338, 348.

Bunsen, 330, 340, 342.

Burma, Indian names of cities in, 272.

C

CACUS, a Greek monster like the Vedic Vala, 184.

Calendar, Vedic, in the Taittiriya Saṁhitâ, of 12 months and six seasons, 58; ancient sacrificial, of ten months, 212, 214, 215; Ancient Roman, of ten months, 283, 213, 368: ancient Celtic and Norse, 370-371; ancient Greek, 371; primitive Aryan, Arctic, 40, 406.

Calends, of May and of Winter, 368, 369.

Caspian, sea, wrongly identified with Rangha, 338.

Celts, the yearly feasts of, 369; their gods and heroes, 378ƒ.

Chailu, Paul Du. on the long night at Nordkyn, 53; his Lana of the long night referred to 198.

Chalceia, an ancient Greek yearly feast, 371.

Chaturvirṁsha, a sacrificial day 192, 193,

Chatvâriṁshayâm sharadi, on the fortieth in autumn, the meaning of (in Rig. II, 12, 11) 260.

Chavee, on the original type of the Aryan race, 15.

Chronology, Purâṇic, of Kalpa Manvantaras, and Maha-yugas 391; length of a Kalpa, and a Yuga in 392; Raṇgâchârya’s and Aiyer’s views thereon, 393-396 in Manu and Mahâbhârata, 396, 397.

Chyavâna the failing (sun), a protégé of the Ashvins who restored him to youth, 156, 226, 280-281.

Circum-polar, regions, distinguished from the Polar, 40; characteristics of, described and summed up, 51-56.

Civilization, Paleolithic and Neolithic, 15, 16; primitive as deduced from comparative philology, 401; original Vedic or Aryan, inter-glacial, 408-412.

Climate, geological, equable and uniform over the whole earth till the end of the Pliocene period, 20; sudden change in, during the Pleistocene, 21; cold in the glacial, and mild in the interglacial period, 22, 23.

Coins, bronze, in use amongst undivided Aryans, 411.

Comparative, Mythology and Philology, q.v.

Couvade the Irish custom of 306, 317, 379

Corpses, the custom of not disposing of during winter, 67-71, 252-255

Cows, the three fold meaning of in the Vedas, 185, 186; the sacrificial session of lasting for ten months 178-182; its nature explained, 185 ƒ.

Cow-stable, seven-fold and ten-fold 319

Cow’s Walk, See Gavam ayanam.

Croll, Dr., his theory about the cause of the Glacial period, 25-29; his three periods of the maximum eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 30 his estimate of the duration and commencement of the Glacial period, 31 questioned by Ball and Newcomb, 31 by Geikie and Huddlestone, 33.

Cuchulainn, the Celtic Sun-hero making love to a number of Dawns, 371, 373; his encounters with the Fomori or the Fir Bolg, 397; unaffected by couvade, 378; fighting without rest for several days, 378, 379.

Culture, primitive, See Civilization.

Currents, oceanic and aerial, effects of, on climate, 20.

D

DAITYA, the meaning of, in the Vendidad, 332, 337; a river in the Bundahish, otherwise called Dâitik, 337, 333

Darkness, of the Polar night nature of, 44; ghastly and sunless, as Vṛitra’s stronghold, in the Ṛig-Veda, 115, 229; long, too long, the end of, 115; Agni living long in, 116, 295; Indra driving the Asuras from, 197; Arctic, synchronous with winter, 253-259; daily and annual struggle between it and light, 224, 215, 378; protégés of the Ashvins condemned to, 282, 283; the sun dwelling in, 298, 299.

Dakshinâ, the mother of the sun, 132.

Dakṣhiṇâyana, or Pitṛiyâna, night of gods, 63; death during, inauspicious, 70; Bâdarâyaṇa’s view of, 70; parallel tradition in the Avesta, 71.

Darmesteter, Prof., the translator of Vendidad and Yasht, his rendering of the Vendidad I and II, 67; on the nature of the legend of Tishtrya, 206; does not explain why the appointed time of Tishtrya varies from one to a hundred nights, 207; his rendering of Tîr Yasht, para 36, 209; his view of the same single source of waters and light, 209; on the cessation of the flow of waters in winter, 252; on the transference of the name Hapta hindu to a new settlement, 272; on the meaning of Dâitya in Vend. I, 337; his identification of the Airyana Vaêjo examined and rejected, 335-340

Dâsa, Vṛitra, 128, 131.

Dashadyu, a protégé of Indra, 317, 322.

Dashagvas, a species of the Aṅgirases, 318-320; See Navagvas. Dashamâya, an enemy of Indra, 317, 321

Dashame yuge, meaning of (in Ṛig. I, 158, 6), 157.

Dasha prapitve, meaning of (in Ṛig Veda VI., 31, 3), 299-303.

Dâsharâjña, Indra’s fight with ten kings, 321ƒ.

Dasharatha, 323,

Dashashipra, an enemy of Indra, 318.

Dashoṇi, an enemy of Indra, 317, 321.

Dawn, two months’ duration of, at the pole, 44, 45; revolving splendors of, 46, 47; why styled Dakṣhiṇâ, 133; the first; commencing the mânushâ-yugâ, 163; why addressed in the plural number in the Vedas, 88ƒ; in the Lettish, Greek and Celtic mythologies, 366; the dying torch of, in the Finnish mythology, 376; as a Vedic Deity, See Uṣhas.

Dawn-theory, 3; its scope and application, 222-224.

Day, longer than 24 hours in the Arctic regions, 51; six-monthly, in the Tâittiriya Brâhmaṇa, 65; in the Avesta, 66; in Manu and Mahâbhârata, 63, 64; originally a real observation, 68; of the gods, See Night of the gods.

Day and Night, a dual deity in the Vedas, 120; two such dual deities 124; diurnal changes in, over the globe stated, 125; the existence of two dual deities explainable only on the Arctic theory, 125, 126.

Death, inauspiciousness of, in the Dakṣhiṇâyana, 70; in winter in the Parsi scriptures, 252-253.

Debris, glacial, its action and extent, 22.

December, the tenth and the last month in the ancient Raman year, its reason explained, 183, 367; denotes an ancient Arctic year of ten months, 184.

Deities, Vedic, pre-glacial in origin and character, 403,

Deluge, the Avestic account of, 353ƒ; the story of, in the Shatapatha Brâhmaṇa, 358; said to be of water and not ice, 360; Greek account of, 361; compared with the Avestic, account 362; See Glacial period.

Demeter, the mother-earth rejoicing for six months in the presence of Proserpine, 370,

Deukaliôn, saved from the deluge in Greek mythology, 361.

Devayâna and Pitriyana originally representing the two-fold division of the year at the Pole, 67, 68; the path of the gods, same as the path of Mazda in the Avesta, 69; Vṛitra killed on the borders of, 233

Dhîtis, prayers, seven-fold and ten-fold, 318.

Dîrghatamas, the legend of, in the Mahâbhârata, 156; in the Ṛig-Veda, id; saved by Ashvins, 156; becoming decrepit in the tenth yuga, 157ƒ; means the sun disappearing after riding on aerial waters for ten months, 163; a solar legend of Arctic origin, 163, 214, 238, 284, 296, 326.

Divine, years, the theory of, 393-397; See year.

Diviṣhṭi, striving for the day, 228.

Divodâsa, the father of Sudâs, 321.

Dixit, the late Mr. S. B., on the equinox in the Kṛittikâs, 42, 392.

Durga, a commentator on Yâska, 123.

Dvâdashâha, a twelve days’ sacrifice, how made up, 192.

Dvâpara, the third yuga in Puraṇic mythology, duration and nature of, 392-396.

Dvita, the Second, a brother of Tṛita, 311.

Dyotana, an enemy of Indra, 318.

E

EARTH, classification of stratified rocks on the surface of, 10; climate on, in early geological times, 20; obliquity of its axis producing seasons, id., change in the position of axis improbable, 23-24; diminishing heat of, 24; eccentricity of its orbit producing glacial periods, according to Dr. Croll, 26, 27; Dr. Ball’s estimate of the average heat received by each of its hemispheres, 32; maximum value of the eccentricity of its orbit, 67; three-fold in the Vedas and the Avesta, 242; seven-fold, nine-fold and ten-fold, 318.

Edda, a Norse epic poem, death of Anses in 378.

Eden, the garden of, in the Bible, 381.

Egypt, the historic period in, 1, 11, 13, 34; no trace of glaciation in, 13.

Ekâha, a Soma-sacrifice for a single day, 190.

Ekâṣhṭakâ, the mother, 108.

Ekata, the First, Tṛita, 311.

Eleven-fold, division of gods in Vedas, 269, 319.

Equinoxes, precision of, 26; cycle of, 27; used as a Vedic chronometer, 41.

Eras, geological, climate 20; See Ages.

Euripides, on the fountain of the world’s waters, 256. Evans, 7.

F

FATHERS, our ancient, in the Vedas, 147.

Fauna, and Flora, fossil, distinguish different geological eras, 10; indicate warm climate early times, 20.

Fedelm, of nine forms, in Celtic mythology, 373

Finland, once thought to be the Aryan home, 381, 388.

Finns, not the originators of the Aryan speech, 17, 19; the circulation of cosmic waters in the mythology of, 257.

Fir-age, archaeological, xi.

Fir-Bolg, See Fomori.

Fish, the, saved by Manu and in turn the savior of Manu, 358;

Five, milkings, 109; seasons, 167ƒ.

Floods, during deluges, probably glacial in origin, 359.

Fomori, the Irish representatives of darkness, 377.

Foods, seven and ten, 318.

Forseti, Baldur’s son, his long sittings at the court, 380.

Fravashis, showing the path of Mazda to the sun, 69-70; correspond to Vedic Pitṛis, 254; said to have shown the way to the waters and the sun in the Avesta, 254.

G

GAVÂM-AYANAM, a ten-months’ yearly sacrifice, or the Cow’s Walk, 149; of ten months in the Aitareya Brâhmaṇa, 179; in the Tâittirîya Saṁhitâ, 180, 181; its ten months’ duration said to be an immemorial custom, 182; represents the ancient Arctic year, 184; compared with the old Roman year of ten months, 184; meaning of cows (gavâm) in, 185-187; the type of yearly sacrifices, 192; an outline scheme of, 192; supplemented by night-sacrifices, 199ƒ, 211, 214, 367.

Geikie, Prof., 7; on the commencement of the post-Glacial period, 13; five glacial and four inter-Glacial periods according to, 22, 33 35; on the Glacial and inter-Glacial climate in the Arctic regions, 22-23; on Dr. Croll’s theory, 32.

Geldner, Prof., 301.

Geology, eras and periods in, enumerated and described, 10, 11, co-relation of geological and archaeological ages, 10; Iron-Bronze and Neolithic included in the post-Glacial period and Paleolithic in the Pleistocene or the Glacial, 10; the date of the commencement of the post-Glacial period in, 11; evidence and extent of glaciation in the Glacial period, 12, 22; climate in the early ages of, 20-23; causes of a succession of Glacial periods in, 23; Dr. Croll’s view 26-31; estimate of the duration of the Glacial period, 34; latest researches in, summary of, 34, 35, 36; supports the Avestic account of the deluge of snow and ice, 355-356; See Archaeology, Climate, Glacial period.

Gharma, a sacrificial pot, 174-175.

Ghoṣhâ, a protégé of the Ashvins, 281.

Gilbert, Mr., his view regarding the commencement of the post-Glacial period, 12.

Giri, a mountain, misinterpretation of, See Parvata.

Glacial, epoch or period, discovery of its evidence, 4; nature of the evidence of, 21; existence of two, with an intervening inter-Glacial, conclusively established, 22; extent of Glaciation in Europe and America, 21; climate cold in Glacial, warm in inter-Glacial, 22; various theories regarding the cause of, 23; Lyell’s theory and estimate about its duration, 24; Croll’s theory and estimate about its duration, 25-31; long duration of, 34; Avestic evidence in proof of 353 ƒ.

Glaciation, in northern Europe and America, 12, 21; traces of, not yet discovered in northern Asia, 13.

Go, a Soma-sacrifice, 191.

Gods, the six-monthly night of, in astronomical works, 62; in Manu and Mahâbhârata, 63-64; in the Taittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 65; in the Ṛig-Veda, 67-70; in other Aryan mythologies, 72; eleven-fold division of, in the, Vedas, 269, 319; temporary sickness or affliction of in ancient mythology, 378-380.

Go-iṣhṭi, the meaning of, 228.

Gotama, a Vedic sage, 322.

Grassmann, Prof., 157, 301.

Griffith, Mr., his interpretation of Ṛig-Vedic verses stated and examined, 80, 82, 84, 92, 106, 122, 128, 129, 160, 165.

Grill, on the German world-river, 256.

Grote, his account of deluge in the Greek mythology, 361.

Gulf-stream, its effect on climate, 20, 23.

Gwin, and Gwythur, fighting for the same damsel and having her in turn, 370.

H

HADES, conceived as turned upside down, 285.

Hanûmân, a Purâṇic deity, traced to Vriṣhâkapi, 324.

Hapta-Hindu, Avestic name for Sapta Sinndhavaḥ, its origin and meaning explained, 267-272; See Sapta Sindhavaḥ.

Hara-Berezaiti, a mountain in the Avesta; See Alburz.

Haug, Dr., 138, 330, 423.

Heavens, spinning round of, in the Ṛig-Veda, 60.

Hebrews, their belief in the existence of celestial waters, 238, 246.

Heeren, Prof., 330.

Hêlios, the sun, his 350 oxen and sheep, 186, 288, 367; sailing from west to east in a golden boat, 255.

Hemispheres, the two celestial, upper and lower, referred to and mentioned in the Ṛig-Veda, 243-244.

Hemanta, with Shishira, the dual season, 168; represented the yearly sunset, 263.

Hêrakles, names of the wives of, representing dawns, 366.

Hercules, the pillars of, 133; the cows of, carried off, by Cacus, 184.

Hermes, stealing the oxen of Apollon 188.

Herodotus, mentions people sleeping for six months, 66; his account of the Phoenician mariners sailing round Africa, 133.

Herschel, Sir, on seasons, 27; error in his view regarding the heat received by each hemisphere in summer and winter, 29; on the perpetual spring in inter-Glacial times, 35.

Hesiod, on the source of earthly rivers, 266.

Himâlayas, the, upheaved in later geological ages, 20.

Hiraṇya-hasta, the gold hand, given by the Ashvins, 281, 289.

Historic period, in Greece and Egypt, 1.

Hodur, the blind Norse god of winter, killing Baldur, the god of summer, 377.

Home, the primeval Aryan, not in Central Asia, 17, 380; nor in Finland or Scandinavia, 380-381; but in the Arctic-regions, north of Siberia, in pre-Glacial times, 388, 390; See Airyana Vaêjo.

Homer, Iliad and Odyssey, 72; his legend of cow-stealing, 188; on the shape of the earth, 255, on the circulation of aerial waters, 256; draw from the same mythological source as Vâlmîki, 324; mentions Khalkos or bronze coins, 411.

Horses, of the sun, sevenfold and tenfold, 169, 317.

Hudleston, Mr., on the extravagance of Dr. Croll’s calculations, 33.

Hukairya, mountain in the Avesta, 247.

Hundred, night-sacrifices, 195-200; fortresses or cities destroyed by Indra, leather straps of Kutsa, 204; inoving in the abode of Indra, and turning on and off the course of ordinary days, 204.

Hvarenô, the, Glory in the Avesta, 286.

Hymns, Vedic, inter-Glacial in substance, post-Glacial in form, 427-430.

I

ICE, of the Glacial period, its action, 22; invading Airyana Vaêjo, 353-354; its connection with the deluge in Indian mythology, 360.

Iliad, the nature of day in, 72, mythical element in, traceable to primitive Aryan times, 324; mentions bronze coins, 411.

Incarnations, ten of Indra in the Avesta and of Viṣhṇu in the Purâṇas, 317, 325.

Indra, the principal Vedic deity, revolving the heavens as on a pole, 60-61; breaking the car of the dawn, 101; fights with his enemies in darkness, 115, 197; retaliates Dâsa’s mischief by producing the long Arctic day, 128-131; assisted by Navagvas and Dashagvas, 149; his war with Vala at the end of the year, 150, 151, 259; the only deity worshipped in the Atirâtra sacrifice, 197; master of a hundred sacrifices, 200-205; his conquest over Vṛitra and release of captive waters, the sun and the dawn, 227-259; as Vṛitra-han, 234, 275; finds Shambara on the fortieth of Sharad, 259-261; stealing the solar orb, on the completion of ten (months), 298-303; assisted by Viṣhṇu in his fight with Vṛitra, 305, tenfold or ten incarnations of, 317, seven-killer, and possibly ten-killer, 322; lover of Ahalyâ, 322; exploits of, said to be ancient or inter-Glacial, 427, 101; See Âpas, Dashagvas, Vala, Vṛitra.

Inter-Glacial, period, See Glacial.

Irân Veg, See Airyana Vaêjo.

Iranians, their original home, 331, could not but be Arctic, 342; destroyed during the glacial period, 357, See Airyana Vaêjo.

Iron, age, See Ages.

Ivan, the story of, 376.

J

JAIMINI, his view about the eternity of the Vedas, 417-418.

Jaxartes, the, and the Oxus, Aryan settlements on the banks of, 34, 329, 336. 351

Jews, See Hebrews.

Jhalkikar, Mahâmahopâdhyaya, 419.

Jimha-bâra, with mouth downwards, applied to the nether world, 284, 285.

Jyotish, or Jyotishṭoma, a Soma-sacrifice, 190-193.

K

KALI, a protégé of the Ashvins, 280-281.

Kali-Yuga, commencement, duration and nature of, 392-397; the age of final settlements, 423.

Kalidasa, 134.

Kalpa, a higher unit of time in the Purâṇic chronology, 392, 393; repromulgation of the Vedas at the beginning of each, 420, 425. 444

Kamadyu, a protégé of the Ashvins, 280.

Kânheri, an inscription of, 265.

Kaṇva, an ancient sacrificer, 747.

Kârle, inscriptions of, method of counting time in, 264.

Karma-devatas, 220.

Kârttikeya, See Kumara.

Kashyapa, the eighth Aditya at Meru, 65.

Kata, a ditch to keep a dead body in, during winter, 71; Kutsa lying in, 254.

Khalkos, a bronze coin, phonetically identical with Shulka, 411.

Kings, seven and three, 319.

Koi, the dawn, in the Finnish mythology, 376.

Koshchei, the Russian winter-demon carrying off a princess, 376; legend of, 376.

Kratu, means a destined course, 95, 107; also denotes a sacrificial performance, 203.

Krichenbauer, Anton, on the two-fold nature of day in the Iliad and the Odyssey, 72.

Kṛita, Yuga, commencement and duration of, 392-396; the age of migration, 423.

Kṛittikâs, or the Pleiades, the period of the vernal equinox being in, 42, 58, 120, 390, 422.

Kubhâ, the Kabul river, 338

Kuhn, Prof., 186; on the storm theory, 225.

Kuka, Mr. M. N., on Tishtrya’s connection with the year, 209.

Kumâra, the Child, not surrendered by the mother to the father, the story of, 294; basis of the Purâṇic story of Kârttikeya, 296.

Kumârila, his interpretation of the legend of Ahalyâ, 222, 322.

Kutsa, lying in a kata or a winter grave, 254.

L

LABRAID of the Swift Hand on the Sword; King of the Irish Hades, 371.

Laing, Mr. Samuel, 7; on man’s ultimate origin, 413.

Lake-dwellers, in Switzerland, 11.

Land and water, distribution of, in early geological ages, 20-22; depression and elevation of, causing the Ice-age, 25.

Lands, countries, sixteen, mentioned in the Vendidad, 332-334; represent successive historical migrations and not merely geographical divisions, 357.

Lapps, how they count time during long night, 198.

Lassen, Prof., 269, 330, 362.

Lets, cosmic circulation of waters in the mythology of, 257; dawn addressed in the plural in the same, 367.

Leverrier, M., his tables of the eccentricity of earth’s orbit, 30; Stockwell’s corrections therein, 31.

Lignana, Prof., his view about the Navagvas and Dashagvas stated and examined, 152-154; on Numa’s reform, 367; on Navagvas and Novemsides, 373.

Lockyer, Sir Norman, ors the orientation of the pyramids, 42; on the ancient Egyptian calendar, 137; on the cosmic circulation of aerial waters in: the Egpytian mythology, 258.

Logos, the Word, 418-419, 426.

Lubbock, Sir John, 7.

Ludwig, Prof., on the axis of the earth in the Ṛig-Veda, 61; on the meaning of Ahâni, 84; on the seven rivers, 269.

Lugnassad, the Celtic summer feast, 369.

Lybia, Africa, sailing round of, 133.

Lyell, Sir Charles, 7; his theory of the cause of the Glacial period, and estimate of its duration, 24, on the origin of the tradition of the half-yearly day, 67.

M

MACDONNELL, Prof., on the nature of the dawn-hymns, 75; extracts from his Vedic mythology quoted, 28, 230, 280; his view on the double character of Indra discussed, 231, 236; on the brothers of Thrâetaona, 312.

Macrobius, on Numa’s reform in the Roman Calendar, 183, 368.

Mâdhava, a commentator on the Sâma Veda, on the meaning of virûpe, 122, 123.

Mahâvrata, a Soma-sacrifice, symbolic nature of, 192, 193.

Mahâbhârata, the, 64, 70, 156, 157, 307, 358, 359, 362, 392, 395, 396, 416.

Mahavira, a sacrificial pot, 175.

Mahayuga, a collection of Yugas, its duration discussed, 394ƒ.

Mahîdhara, a commentator on the Vajasaneyî Saṁhita, 161, 301.

Maid, the, of nine forms, 374.

Mainvô-i-Khard, 357.

Mallinâth, 734.

Mamata, the mother of Dîrghatamas, 156-157.

Man, his existence in the quaternary and the tertiary eras, 4, 11, 35.

Mann, a Smṛiti writer quoted, 63, 64, 238, 407; progenitor of the human race, saved in the deluge, 358-360; an ancient Vedic sacrificer, 147-148.

Mânuṣhâ yugâ, means human ages and not always human generations, 158-162; commenced with the first dawn, used to denote the whole year, 166.

Mârtâṇda, the still-born Aditya, the derivation and meaning of, 145; See Aditi, Âditya.

Mâtsya-Purâṇa, account of the deluge in, 358.

Matutinal, deities, traveling by the Devayâna path, 68-69; following the dawns, 98; the story of the Ashvins leading the van in the march of, 277, 280.

Max Müller, Prof. F., on the importance of the discovery of relationship between Sanskrit and Zend, 2; on the untranslatable portion of the Vedas, 5; on the meaning of Samayâ 79, his explanation of dawns in the plural number unsatisfactory, 88; on the meaning of yojana, 96; of chhandas, 106, of kshapaḥ, 117, on the difference between Uṣhâsânaktâ and Ahanî, 124; his explanation of eight Âdityas improbable, 143; on the meaning of mânuhâ yugâ, 159; on continuous nights, 166; on the threefold meaning of cows in the Ṛig-Veda, 185-186; on the stealing of cows inn the Greek mythology and on the ancient Greek year, 188-189; on the dawn theory, 223-224; on the Vernal theory, 226; on the derivation of; Apollon, 237; on seven rivers, 269, his explanation of the Ashvins’ exploits, 163, 278; his derivation of Trita improbable, 312; on the resemblance of names in the Iliad with Vedic names, 324; on progressive savages, 412; on Logos, 418.

May, the calends of, 370, 371.

Mazda, the path of, 69; followed by waters and the sun, 246.

Meru, or the North Pole, six months’ day at, in the Saṁhitâs, 52; seat of the gods, and six monthly night and day at, 62, 458, 421; in the Taittirîya Âraṇyaka, 6; permanently illumined by Kaṣhyapa, 142.

Merv, the Avestic Mouru, 334.

Mesopotamia, not the same as Avestic Rangha, 336.

Migrations, of the Iranian race in succession from Airyana Vaêjo, 335-358; the age of, 421, 423.

Milkings, five, 109.

Mîmaṁsakas, their interpretation of Râtri in Râtri-Sattras shown to be incorrect, 195ƒ; their view of the eternity of the Vedas, 417-418.

Mitra, the representative of half-year long light, 326.

Monogeny, the theory of, regarding human origin, 413.

Months, of sunshine, less than twelve in the Arctic regions, 53, 138; sacrificial session of ten, 176, 132; Avestic, of winter and summer, 345-348; See Dashame yuge, Gavâm ayanam, Seasons Year and Yuga.

Moon, description of her appearance at the pole, 44.

Mortillet, M. De., on the type of the primitive Aryans, 15.

Moytura, the battle of, in the Celtic mythology, fought on the eve of November, 371.

Much, with vi, meaning of, when applied to horses, 129.

Muir, Dr., on the yuga system, 63, on the nature of dawn-hymns, 75; on Aditi’s legend, 143, 158; on the meaning of parastât, 245; his summary of Fargard I of the Vendidad, 332, 333; on the deluge, 353-360; on the northern Aryan home, 362, 363; on the eternity of the Vedas, 414, 416, 417, 426, 429.

Myths, Vedic, necessity of re-examining the explanations of, 39 various theories about the explanations of, 222 ƒ; disclose an arctic origin, 326, 327.

Mythology, science of, effect of recent geological discovery on, 3, 4; Vedic, current interpretation of, 49; theories for the explanation of, 222, comparative, supports the theory of the Arctic home, 282, 283.

N

NADERSHAHA, Mr. E. J. D., on the method of counting time by seasons in the Avesta, 266.

Nâgoji Bhatt, on Patañjali’s view on the eternity of the Vedas, 420.

Nairukta, a school of Vedic interpreters, 221, 222.

Naiyyâyikas, their views about the eternity of Vedas, 419.

Navagvas, a species of the Angirases, generally associated with the Dashagvas, 148, their sacrificial session of ten months, 149; commenced with the dawn, id., helped Indra in the rescue of the cows from Vala, 150-151; the root meaning of, 152; Yâska’s, Sayaṇa’s and Prof. Lignana’s view thereon, 152, 153; primarily denote sacrificers for nine or ten months, 153; compared to Roman Novemsides, Celtic Maid of nine Forms, and the nine steps of Thor in the Norse mythology, 373, See Angirases, Dashagvas.

Nava-prabhrainshana, the gliding of the ship on the Himalayas, 359.

Navarâtra, a nine days’ sacrifice, 190.

Nau-bandhana, a peak of the Himalayas, 359.

Nebulous, matter, in the universe described as watery vapor in the Vedas, 238.

Neco, Pharoah, king of Egypt, 133.

Neolithic, the new Stone age, distinguished from the Paleolithic age, 9; its probable commencement from 5000 B. C., 11.

Nether, regions, or regions below the earth, known to Vedic bards, 241; conceived as dark, bottomless, or like an inverted tub in the Vedas, 284-287

Newcomb, Prof., on the extravagance of Croll’s calculations, 31.

Night, Polar, light and darkness 229; rivers 204, in, 44; shorter than six months, but longer than twenty-four hours, 51; of the gods in the Vedas and the Avesta, 153, 159; long, safely reaching the other end of 117; apprehensions regarding its end, 118; continuous, 166.

Night-sacrifices, See Râtri-sattras and Atirâtra.

Nine, Forms, Maid of, 374.

Nine-fold, earth, ocean and sky, 319; See Sevenfold.

Ninety-nine, forts of Vṛitra, 204, crossed by Indra, 204.

Nir-riti, the region below the earth, 243.

Nivids, about Indra, quoted, 228.

Non-Aryan, races, may be Arctic in origin, 380, 399.

Nordkyn, or the North Cape in Europe, sixty-seven days’ continuous night at, 53.

North Pole, Dr. Warren’s book on the origin of the human race at, 6, 384, 399.

Novaia Zemlia, remnant of an old Polar continent, 37.

November, the eve of commencement of the ancient Celtic year, 368, 369.

Novemsides, new or nine Roman-gods, 373.

Numa, his addition of two months to the ancient Roman year of ten months, 183, 367.

Nu-t, the Egyptian goddess of the sky, 258.

O

OAK-AGE, 11; See Archaeology, Ages,

Odin, the reign of, 72.

Odyssey, the, nature of day in, 72,

Odysseus, consuming the oxen of Hêlios, 188.

Okeanos, the world-surrounding ocean in the Greek mythology, 256; phonetically identical with Ashayâna, 316.

Oldenburg, Prof., on continuous nights, 166; on the meaning of div-iṣhṭi 228; his view regarding Indra’s producing waters from the mountains, 235, 300.

Orion; the constellation of, the period of vernal equinox being in, 390, 422.

Ottoro-corra, the Uttara-Kurus, as mentioned by Ptolemy, 362.

Oxus, the river; Aryan settlements on, 329, 336, 351, 363; See Jaxartes.

P

PADA-TEXT, of the Ṛig-Veda, amendments in, suggested, 86, 300, 301, 303.

Palaeolithic or the old Stone age, distinguished from the Neolithic, 9; generally inter-glacial, 11.

Panama, the isthmus of, its submergence in the Pleistocene period improbable, 24.

Pañcha-janâh, the five races of men, probably interglacial, 399.

Pandit, the late Mr. S. P., on the seven-fold division of Solar rays, 316.

Panjaub, the land of five rivers and not of seven, 268: rivers in, not denoted by Sapta-Sindhavaḥ, 269; See, Seven rivers.

Parâvat, the nether region, 243.

Parvata, a mountain, misinterpreted into a cloud in the Vedas, 231, 235.

Parâvrij, a protégé of the Ashvins, 281.

Patañjali, his view about the eternity of the Vedas, 421.

Pathyâ Svasti, the goddess of speech in the northern region, 362.

Peat-mosses, of Denmark, beds of beach, oak and fir therein, 11, 12.

Perpetual, spring, 38; day and night, 52.

Persephone, daughter of Zeus, carried by Pluto for six months, 370.

Penka, 4; his view on the type of the primitive Aryans in Europe, 15.

Philology, comparative, on the division of the year, 372, conclusions regarding the primitive Aryan culture, deduced therefrom, 408; necessity of modifying the same, 408-412.

Phoenician, mariners rounding Africa, 133.

Pictel, Dr., 330.

Pim, Capt., his description of the Polar year, 45.

Pipru, an enemy of Indra, 128.

Pischel, Dr., on the nature of Vṛishâkapi, 324.

Pitṛiyana, See Devayâna.

Pleiades, See Kṛittikâs.

Pleistocene, or the Giacial period 10; changes of climate in, 21, 22.

Plutarch, on the ancient Roman year, of ten months, 183, 367; on the sleep of the Phrygian god, 306, 379; on the imprisonment of the Paphagonian gods, 323, 379.

Pole, north, temperate climate at, in interglacial times 21, 39; existence of a continent at, in interglacial times, 38; regions round, distinguished from circumpolar or Arctic regions, 40; star, change in the position of, 41; special features of the calendar at, 43; characteristics or differential of Polar regions summed up, 54.

Polygeny, theory of, 413.

Posehe, 4; his view regarding the type of the primitive Aryans in Egypt, 15.

Post-glacial, period, its commencement about 50 or 60 thousand years ago according to English geologists, and 7 or 8 thousand according to American geologists, 12; See Glacial period.

Prajâpati, the creator of the Vedas, 416.

Pralaya, the deluge, destruction of the Vedas in, 416.

Prâleya, ice, an indication of the glacial nature of the deluge, 360.

Prapitva, advancing time, the meaning of, in the Veda, 301.

Pravargya, a sacrificial ceremony, represents the revival of the sun, 174.

Prehistoric times, effect of the discovery of comparative philology on the study of, 2; See Archeology, Geology.

Pre-Orion, period, its commencement, 390; consistent with geological evidence, 391.

Priṣhṭhya, a kind of Shalâha, 191-193.

Ptolemy, 362.

Pûṣhan, the sun, the golden boat of, 257, seven-wheeled and ten-rayed, 318.

Purâ, the former or the interglacial age, 102.

Puraḥ, meaning of, 204.

Purâ-kalpa, ancient rites and traditions, 119, 429.

Purûravas, 224.

Q

QUARTERNARY, era, existence of man in, 4, 23; sudden changes of climate in, 21; comprises at least two, if not more, glacial periods, 22.

R

RAJ (singular), meaning of, 242; (dual), the two Rajas, meaning the two hemispheres, 244.

Râma,, the hero of the Râmâyana, 323, 324; and incarnation of Viṣhṇu, 32, traceable to the Ṛig-Veda, id.

Râmâyana, on the three steps of Viṣhṇu, 304; mythical element in, probably derived from Vedic mythology, 324; the Râmâyana and the Iliad had probably a common source, 324.

Rangâchârya, Prof., on the meaning of yuga, 163, 164; on the Kaliyuga, 392, 393.

Rangha, a mythical river to the west of Alburz in the Avesta, 338; wrongly identified with the Caspian sea, 338; probably the same as the Vedic Rasâ, 338.

Ratri-sattras, the nightly Soma-sacrifices, their nature and classification, 194; the meaning of Râtri in the appellation, 195ƒ; hundred in number, from one to hundred nights, 195; must have been originally performed (luring night, 198; the reason of the number of, 199-209.

Râtri-Sûkta, a hymn to the night, 117.

Râvaṇa, the ten-mouthed enemy of Râma, 323; throwing gods into prison, 323, probably suggested by the ten non-sacrificing kings in the Vedas, 323.

Rays, of the sun, seven and ten, 317,

Rebha, a protégé of the Ashvins 280, 281, 283.

Religion, Vedic, pre-glacial in origin, 406, 407.

Rhode, Dr., 330.

Rhys, Prof., on the nature of the ancient Teutonic year, 184; his Hibbert lectures, referred to, 306, 366-384; on the affliction of gods or sun-heroes in the Celtic mythology, 378-379; on the primeval Aryan home in the Arctic region, 380.

Ṛijishvan, a friend of Indra, 128.

Ṛijrâshva, a protégé of the Ashvins slaughtering a hundred sheep, 189, 226, 281, 287, 288.

Ṛikṣhas, or the seven bears, See Ursâ Major.

Ṛiṣhis, Vedic, their view about the origin of Vedic hymns, 426-432; distinguished into older and later, 428; older interglacial, later post, glacial, 430.

Roth, Prof., on the nature of Saraṇyu, 226.

Rudra-datta, on the meaning of Atiratra, 209.

S

SACRIFICE, or the year, its preservation and revival, 175; annual; an outline of the scheme of, 192, an yearly cycle of, in ancient times, 212.

Sacrificers, ancient, 147.

Samarkand, the Avestic Sughdha, 334, 336.

Samudrau, the two oceans, meaning the upper and lower celestial hemispheres, 244.

Sandhyâ, or links between the yugas, duration of, 395.

Sânkhyas, their view about the eternity of the Vedas, 419.

Saporta, M. de, on the Arctic origin of the human race, 381.

Sapta-vadhri, the seven-eunuch, a protégé of the Ashvins, 289; praying for safe delivery after ten months’ gestation, explained, 291ƒ.

Saramâ, 223.

Saraṇyu, 223.

Sarasvatî, a celestial river in the Veda, 247; described as slaying Vṛitra, 248; compared to the Avestic Ardvi Sûra Anâhita, 248.

Sato-karahe, of hundred deeds, an adjective of Verethraghna in the Avesta, 208.

Sattras, annual, in imitation of the yearly course of the sun, 138; Gavâm-ayanam, the type of the annual, 178; sacrificial sessions, division of, 190.

Satyavrata, Pandit, 122.

Savitṛi, the sun, traversing the universe, 309; his third heaven in Yama’s regions, 309.

Sâyaṇa, his method of explaining difficult Vedic passages, 5, 85, 94, 131, 387; referred to, 61, 68, 75, 82, 83, 84; on the use of dawns in the plural number, 88, 90; his explanation of thirty dawns, 93, 94, 106; on the thirty yojanas traversed by the dawn, 95; on the fears about endless nights 119-120; on meaning of virûpe, 122; on much with vi, 129-131; on the seven rays of sun, 140; on the existence of the different suns in different quarters, 142; on the meaning of Navagvas and Dashagvas, 154; on mânushâ yugâ, 158; on kṣhapaḥ, 166; on the meaning of padena, 181; on the duration of Gavâm-ayanam, 182; on night-sacrifices, 196, on the meaning of shatakratu, 202; on Ati-râtra, 203; on chatvârimshyâm sharadi, 260; on the meaning of vadhri, 259, 290; on prapitve, 301, 303; on the ten-fold division, 316.

Scandinavia, supposed to be the Ancient Aryan home, 380.

Schrader, Dr., his work on prehistoric antiquities, 2; on neolithic, paleolithic culture, 15, 16; on the ancient division of the year, 372; on primitive Aryan culture and civilization, 401; on primitive Aryan religion, 406, 407; on the use of metals in primitive times, 411.

Seasons, of the year, five in older times, 167; reason of, 168; denotes an Arctic year of ten months, 170; method of counting time by, in Paleography, 265; in the Avesta, 266.

Separation, Aryan, caused by the glacial epoch, and not by overcrowding or irresistible impulse, 366.

Seven, milking the one, 175.

Seven, rivers, or Sapta-sindhavah, flowing upwards, 268; cannot be the rivers of the Panjaub, 268; three-fold, celestial, terrestrial and infernal, 269; associated with the seven rays or seven suns, 270; released by Indra, cannot but be celestial, 271.

Sevenfold, 146, 270; and tenfold division of things in Vedas explained on the Arctic theory, 316, 321.

Shabara, a commentator on Jaimini, 195, 263.

Shaḷaha, a group of six days, a sacrificial unit of time, 192.

Shambara, killed by Indra on the fortieth day of autumn, 261.

Shankarâchârya, 70, 167; on the eternity of Vedas, 418

Sharad, autumn, the last season of sunshine in the ancient home, 259-261; explained etymologically, 262.

Shatakratu, an epithet of Indra, 200; means the lord of a hundred sacrifices and not of hundred powers, 202, 203; purâṇic tradition based on, 201.

Shatapatha-Brâhmaṇa, an account of deluge in, 358.

Shatarâtra, a hundred nights’ sacrifice, denotes the long Arctic night, 201.

Shâtyâyanins, on the legend of Trita, 312.

Shayu, a protégé of the Ashvins, 281, 282.

Shikshâ by Panini quoted, 94.

Shipi-vishṭa, an opprobrious name of Viṣhṇu, explained by the Arctic theory, 307, 309.

Shoḍashî, a Soma-sacrifice, 190.

Shulka, a primitive Aryan coin, 411.

Shuṣhṇa, Indra’s fight with, on the completion of ten, 299-303

Siberia, freshness of fossil deposits in, 13; primitive Aryan home to the north of 388.

Siddhânta-Shiromaṇi, perpetual day and night in, 52.

Sita, the wife of Râma, 324 represented as his sister and wife in Buddhistic Jâtakas, 325; probable explanation of, 325.

Soma, seven-wheeled and ten-rayed, 318.

Soma-sacrifices, their classification and nature, 190ƒ; See Gâvam-ayanam, and Râtri-sattras.

South, the sun rising in, 43.

Sphoṭa, the doctrine of, 418.

Spiegel, Prof., 66, 207, 209, 330, 332, 352, 354; his identification of Airyana Vaêjo questioned, 336.

Spring, perpetual, 35, 38.

Spitzbergen, warm climate in, be fore the glacial period, 20; remnant of an old Polar continent, 37.

Stars, spinning round and round and the Pole 42, 43; motion of, in circum-polar region, 48, 49.

Stone-age See Ages, Neolithic, Paleolithic.

Storm-theory, 224, 226; its inadequacy to explain the legend of Indra and Vṛitra, 231-235.

Striæ, scratches, glacial, 21.

Sudâs, engaged in fight with the ten non-sacrificing kings, 321. Summer, long and cool in inter-Glacial time, 30, 35.

Sun, or Sûrya, shining and disappearing for six months at the Pole, 44; rising in the south, 44; a matutinal Vedic deity, 68, southern course of, in Polar regions, 49; described in the Veda as unyoking his car and halting in the midst of heaven, 128; standing still in the Bible, 129; rocking like a gold swing in the heaven, 130; different suns for different seasons, 142, 143; dwelling in darkness, 150, 151, 299; his eye covered with aerial vapor, 169; falling beyond the heaven, 178; conceived as the son of Dyu and Earth, 291; described as moving in the mother’s womb, while above the horizon, 292; his exit from the womb after ten months explained, 292; a paradox arising therefrom, 293-294; his wheel or orb, 297ƒ; his chariot a mono-cycle, 299; stolen by Indra, 301; on the completion of ten, meaning of, 300-301; See, Horses, Prapitva, Rays.

Sunshine, of less than twelve months’ duration at the Pole, 139.

Sûrya, her marriage with Soma, 223.

Sûrya-siddhânta, on six-monthly day and night, 62.

Svara-sâman, days, 192, 193.

T

TAYLOR, Canon, his views on the effects of recent scientific discoveries on Mythology, 4; on primitive Aryan races in Europe, 15; on the origin of the Aryan tongue, 17; on the Neolithic origin of the Aryan race, 402.

Telang, the late Mr., on the description of Râma in the Dasharatha jâtaka, 325.

Ten, kings, opponents of Sudâs, 321.

Ten-fold, See, Seven-fold.

Tertiary, era, existence of man in, 4; climate in, 20.

Till, or boulder clay, 22.

Tishtrya, his fight with Apaosha in the Avesta, 205; a reproduction of Indra’s fight with Vṛitra, 205; lasted for one hundred days, 207; special sacrifices required to be performed at the time, 208; described as bringing circling years of men, 208-209.

Thor, the Norse sun-hero, walking nine paces before being killed by the Serpent, 374.

Thraêtaona, Avestic deity, corresponding to Trita Âptya, 248; restores glory to Yima, 268; slays Azi-Dahâk, 312; accompanied by his two brothers in the Avesta, 312; throws up Vifra-Navâza, 375.

Three-fold, division of the Earth in the Veda and the Avesta, 241.

Thridi, old Norse name of Odin, same as Trita, 313.

Tongue, Aryan, not developed from the Finnic, 17; its origin lost in geological antiquity, 413.

Tradition, Pre-glacial, how preserved in the Vedas, 398-399; in the Avesta, 18, 354-356.

Traitan, the tormenter of Dîrghatamas, 156.

Tree of Varuṇa, with bottom up, 286.

Treta, the second Puraṇic era, duration of, 393-396; nature of 423.

Triath, an old Irish word for sea, phonetically same as Trita, 313.

Trita Aptya, a Vedic deity assisting Indra in his fight with Vṛitra, 248; Avestic Thraêtaona, 310, urges Indra to fight, 311; falls into a well, 311; derivation of his name, 312; Prof. Max Müller’s view untenable, 312; denotes the third part of the year 311, 313; explained on the Arctic theory, 313; compared to Ivan in the Slavonic mythology, 375.

Triton, Greek, phonetically equivalent to Vedic Trita, 313.

Twilight, duration of, at the Pole, 58; of the gods in the Norse mythology, 72.

Two, creating the five, 175.

U

UCHATHYA, the father of Dirghatamas in the Ṛig-Veda, 156.

Uchchâ-budhna, with the bottom up, applied to the nether world, 285.

Ukko, the descending stream of, in the Finnish Mythology, 256.

Ukthya, a Soma-sacrifice, 190.

Upsala, an ancient Aryan site, 381.

Ursâ Major, the constellation of the Great Bear, high altitude of, in Ṛig-Veda, 61; above the path of the sun, 134.

Urvashî, 224.

Uṣhas, the Vedic goddesses of morn, the most beautiful of Vedic deities, 75; its physical character unobscured, id; lasted long enough to allow the recitation of the whole Ṛig-Veda, 77; or to admit of a five-fold or three-fold division, 78; said to shine perpetually in old times, 78; difference between it and vi-uṣhṭi, id.; three Vedic texts proving that it lasted continuously for several days, 79, 366; addressed in plural as well as singular 88; not honorifically as supposed by Yâska, 88; nor owing to the number of presiding deities, 89; nor by reference to the consecutive daily dawns, go; the plural represents one long continuous dawn divided into many day-long portions, go; thirty dawns or dawn-sisters in the Taittirîya Saṁhitâ, 90, 103-112; in the Ṛig-Veda, 94; a continuous team of thirty dawns in the Taittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 97-98; all moving round and round in the same plane, 95; their circular motion in the Ṛig-Veda, 97; the characteristics of Vedic dawns summed up, 99-100; variation in the duration of, illustrated by the story of Indra’s shattering its car, 101; all prove its Polar character, 102.

Utathya, the father of Dirghatamas in the Mahâbhârata, 156.

Utsarginam avajsam, a sacrificial session lasting for a lunar year, 193.

Uttara, the north, why so called, 134.

Uttarâyana, originally equinoctial, misunderstood by Bhâskara, 52-53.

Uttarakuras, 362.

V

VACH, the speech, eternity of, 415.

Vadhrimati, a protégé of the Ashvins, 282, 289.

Vâjapeya, a Some-sacrifice, 190.

Vala, Indra’s enemy, vanquished with the assistance of Navagvas at the end of the year, 149, 150, 151, 155, 199, 231, 259, 260; his cave split by the word of Bṛihaspati, 186.

Vâlmîki, drew probably from the same mythological source as Homer, 324.

Vâmana, the fifth incarnation of Viṣhṇu, 304.

Vandana, rescued by the Ashvins, 150, 226, 280, 282.

Vunguhi, a river in the Airyana Vaêjo but not mentioned in the Vendidad, 337.

Vanna-issa, the old father in the Finnish Mythology, 376

Vara, of Yima, the annual sunrise and year-long day in, 67, 350

Vartikâ, rescued by the Ashvins, Yâska’s view about, 221.

Varuṇa, ruler of the waters, 163, 238; his tree and region turned upside down, 286; representative of long Arctic darkness, and hence described as embracing the nights, 326.

Vedas, still imperfectly understood, 5, 39; new key to their interpretation supplied by the latest geological researches, 6; strata of, not necessarily in chronological order, 42; how preserved, 398, 399; eternity of, discussed, 414, 430; Manu’s and Vyâsa’s view on the eternity of, 416; Jaimini’s view, 417; grammarians’, Badârâyaṇa’s, Naiyyâyikas’ view, 418, Sâṅkhyas’ view, 419; Patañjail’s view, 420; theological and historical views compared, 424, 425; the view of Vedic Ṛiṣhis themselves, 426, 429; lost in the deluge and repromulgated afterwards by the Ṛiṣhis, 416; practically eternal in substance though not in form, 420.

Veh, See Vanguhi.

Verethraghna, the Avestic form of Vṛitrahan, 205 ten incarnations 325.

Vernal, theory, 227; its inadequacy to explain the legends of the Ashvins, 283, 287.

Vifra Navâza, compared with the Navagvas, 374.

Vigfusson, Dr. on the ancient Norse year commencing in October, 371.

Vimada, a protégé of the Ashivins, 280.

Vipras, or sacrificers seven and ten, 318.

Vîras, or warriors, seven, nine and ten, 320 321.

Virûpas, an epithet of the Aṅgirases, 155.

Virûpe, means unlike in length and not unlike in hue, 122.

Viṣhnâpû, a protégé of the Ashvins, 280.

Viṣhṇu, as a Vedic deity, nature of his three strides, 303, 304; helped Indra in the Vṛitra-fight, 305, his third step identical with the nether world, 306 his sleep for four months on his serpent-bed, id, why called Shipivishta, 306, 309; meaning of Shipivishta 307, 308; indicates the long disappearance of the sun below the horizon in the Arctic region 309.

Viṣhpalâ, Ashvins’ protégé, 226, 281.

Viṣhuvan, the central day in the Soma-sacrifice, 192.

Vishvaka, relieved by the Ashvins, 280.

Vivasvat, the ten of, 176; the father of Manu, 361.

Vouru-Kasha, the gathering place of waters in the Avesta, 206, 246; the scene of Tishtrya’s fight with Apaosha, 206.

Vṛiṣhâkapâyî, 223.

Vṛiṣhâkapi, the probable Vedic ancestor of Hanûmân, 324.

Vṛitra, the traditional enemy of Indra, engulfed in long darkness, 115; Yâska’s view about the nature of, 221; believed to imprison the waters in the rain-cloud, 224; four-fold character or effect of his fight with Indra, 227, 228; his dark and hidden watery abode 229; simultaneous release of light and water by the killing of Vṛitra, 231- 237; utterly inexplicable on the Storm theory, 232, 237; explained by the theory of the cosmic circulation of aerial waters, 723, 240, 255; and by the Arctic theory, 258; the date of Indra’s fight with, 259, 267; See Apaḥ Indra, Shambara, Seven rivers, Vala.

Vṛitṛahan, the killer of Vṛitra, an ancient Arctic deity, 274, 275.

Vṛitra-tûrya, fight with Vṛitra, 227.

Vyâsa, his view about the eternity of the Vedas, 416, 420.

W

WALLACE, supports Lyell’s theory of the Glacial period, 24.

Wallis, Mr., his erroneous view that the nether world was unknown to the Vedic bards, 239, 242.

Warren, Dr., on the original home of the human race at the North Pole, 6; on the existence of a Polar continent in primitive times, 37; his description of the Polar dawn with its revolving splendors 46, 47; on Greek traditions of six-monthly day, 72; on the cosmic circulation of aerial waters, 255; on the conception of anti-podal underworld as an inverted tub, 285; on the cradle of the human race, 383-384.

Waters, captivated by Vṛitra, 227, 228; divided into terrestrial and celestial, 237, 238; nature of the celestial, id.; movement of the celestial or aerial in the Avesta, 247, 248; moving upwards, 249; cessation of the movements of, in winter, 253, cosmic circulation of, in other mythologies, 255, 256; See Apaḥ.

Weber, Prof., on the Iliad and the Râmâyana, 325.

West, Dr., on the meaning of Dâîtîk in the Vendidad, 337.

Wheel, of the sun, stolen by Indra, 297; See sun.

Wieland, the German smith, 188.

Winter, at perihelion and aphelion difference between, 27; succession of these after 21,000 years, 27; short and warm in the interglacial, and long and cold in the glacial times, 28, 29; longer or shorter than summer by 33 days, 29; death in, regarded as inauspicious, 70; cessation of the flow of waters in, 252; of ten months id., the Airyana Vaêjo, 341; one hundred winters, 366.

Woden, the disappearance of the gold ring of, 379.

Word, the final source of every thing, 418; compared to Logos, 418-426.

Y

YASKA, his method of interpreting difficult Vedic passages, 6, 63, 75, 79, 319, 387; on the use of dawns in the plural number, 88, 90, 93, on the seven rays of the sun, 140; on the etymology of Navagvas, 152; silent on Ati-râtra, 196; on the schools of Vedic interpretation, 219; on Vṛitra, 221; on the cup with the mouth downwards 282, on the Pada text, 303; on Viṣhṇu’s three steps, 303; on shipivishta, 307; on the seven rays of the sun, 316.

Yama, the agents of, 148.

Year, Polar, distribution of light and darkness during, 45; circumpolar described, 51; ancient Vedic of 360 days and 6 seasons, 58-59; old Egyptian, traces of, how preserved, 137; sacrificial, how preserved and revived, 175, ancient Roman, of ten months, 183, compared to annual sacrificial sattra of ten months 183; ancient Celtic, closed with the last day of October, 369; old Norse, 371; divine, or of the gods, the theory of 393; how originated, 395; Arctic, before Aryan separation in inter-glacial times, 404-405.

Year-god, five-footed and resting on watery vapors, 169.

Yima, the Avestic Yama, his Vara or enclosure, 350; annual sun, rise therein 350; proves its Polar position, 351; prophecy of its destruction, 353.

Yuga, meaning of, in the Ṛig-Veda 158; of two kinds, divine and human, 159; both denote a period of time and not a generation of men 159, 161, denote a period of the year, 162, singly it denoted one month, 163, Raṅgâchârya’s view, thereon 164.