NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Bugge [a] and [b].
2. Phillpotts [a], passim.
3. Cf. Boer.
4. Some scholars interpret Harbard as Loki or a giant. Harbard is one of the names of Odin in Grim., 49.
5. On the Sagas see the Prolegomena to Vigfusson’s edition of the Sturlunga-saga, Oxford, 1878, and Craigie [c].

CHAPTER I

1. Gylf., c. 20.
2. ib., c. 35.
3. Saxo, i. 30 [25], iii. 94 [78], vi. 225 [183], etc.
4. Adam of Bremen, iv. 26, 27-
5. Procopius, ii. 15.
6. For these charms see Grimm [a], i. 224, 401; de la Saussaye, pp. 126 ff.; Golther [a], pp. 383 ff., 437, 487; CPB, i. 482.
7. See p. 38.
8. MGH Leg., Sect. ii, i. 222.
9. Alcuin, Vita S. Willibrordi, c. 10; Adam of Bremen, iv. 3. See p. 162.
10. Grimm [a], i. 165.
11. See my Celtic Mythology in this Series.
12. Mogk, “God” (Teutonic), ERE vi. 303.
13. Mogk, “Æsir,” in Hoops, i. 130; Grim. 44.
14. Jordanes, c. 13, § 78.
15. Vol., 6, 9, etc.; Hav., 78, 142; Alviss., 20, 30; Hym. 4; Alviss., 10.
16. For tivar see Grim., 5; Hym., 4; Thrym., 13; B Dr., 1; Vaf., 38, 42; Hav., 149. For sig-tivar, val-tivar, see Vol., 44, 49, 58; Grim., 45; Lok., 1 and 2; Faf., 24; Akv., 31; Hym., 1; Vol., 52, 62.
17. Land.-bók, iii. 10; Volsunga-saga, c. 26.
18. See p. 52.
19. Grim., 6, 37, 41; Lok., 32; Vol., 8; Grim., 13. See p. 80 for Thor’s anger. It is called asmodi, “god-like anger,” as the giant’s rage is jötunmodi, see Skaldsk., c. 17.

352

20. Gylf., c. 23 f.
21. Vol., 18; Gylf., c. 6 f.
22. See Mogk, “Dreiheit,” in Hoops, i. 487; Tacitus, Germ., c. 2; Gylf., c. 6; HHj., 28.

CHAPTER II
1. Thrym., 14; Vaf., 39; Sigrd., 18; Skir., 17, 18.
2. Vaf., 39; Vol., 24; Ulf Uggason in Skaldsk., c. 7.
3. Gylf., c. 35; Skaldsk., cc. 6, 7, 20, 37.
4. Brag., c. 1. See p. 53.
5. Gylf., c. 23; Vaf., 39; cf. Lok., 34, 35.
6. Ynglinga-saga, c. 4.
7. Skaldsk., cc. 32, 37.
8. De la Saussaye, pp. 248-9; Gering, p. 6.
9. Golther [a], pp. 223, 305; Chadwick [b], p. 61. For Svia-god and blot-god, see Ftb., iii. 246 and Olafs-saga Trygg., c. 173.
10. Ynglinga-saga, c. 5; Golther [a], p. 222.
11. Vol., 24; Ynglinga-saga, c. 5.
12. See MacCulloch [b], pp. 23, 35. On the subject of this chapter cf. Weinhold [b], pp. 611 ff.; K. Krohn, pp. 93 ff.

CHAPTER III
1. Brag., ad fin.
2. Ynglinga-saga, c. 1 ff.; see p. 106.
3. Saxo, i. 24 [20].
4. ib., i. 30 [25], iii. 90 [75], 94 [78], 98 [81].
5. ib., vi. 225 [184].
6. ib., iii. 94 [78].

CHAPTER IV
1. Grimm [a], i. 123 ff.; William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, i. § 5; Roger of Wendover, Flores Hist., i. 346.
2. Grimm [a], i. 130.
3. Tacitus, Germ., c. 9, cf. Annales, xiii. 52, Hist., iv. 64.
4. Paulus Diaconus, de Gestis Langobard., i. 9.
5. Bede, Hist. Eccl., i. 15. 36; Grimm [a], i. 165.
6. MGH Leg., Sect. ii., i. 222; cf. p. 18.
7. Paul. Diac., i. 8; Grimm [a], i. 134. According to Saxo, who refers to Paulus, the people were prompted by Frea to take the name Langobardi, i. 343 [285].
8. See p. 18.
9. Adam of Bremen, iv. 26, 27.
10. Heimskr., 6; Ftb., iii. 246.

353

11. Cæsar, vi. 17.
12. Grimm [a], iii. 919 ff.
13. Mogk, p. 334; Grimm [a], iii. 919.
14. ZfDM i. 315 f.
15. E. Meyer, Sagen aus Schwaben, i. 1 f.; Panzer, Bayrische Sagen, i. 67; Vernaleken, Mythen and Bräuche in Österreich., p. 23 f.
16. Grimm [a], iii. 919.
17. E. H. Meyer, p. 382 f.; Grimm [a], iii. 918 f.
18. Yngl.-saga, c. 2; Saxo, iii. 96 (80); Vaf., 44, ff.
19. Hav., 155; Hynd., 3; Reg., 18.
20. Grim., 48; Brag., c. 1.
21. Saxo, i. 29 [24].
22. Gylf., cc. 15, 42; Grim., 44.
23. Gylf., cc. 15, 49.
24. ib., c. 51.
25. Vaf., 5; Grim., 53 f.; Hym., 2; Faf., 43; Gylf., c. 20; Skaldsk., c. 54.
26. Grim., 29 f.
27. Hakonar-saga Sverrisonar, c. 20.
28. Grimm [a], i. 152 f.
29. Reg., 18; Akv., 32.
30. Saxo, iii. 95 [78], vii. 296 [247], Land.-bók, v. 12. 4.
31. For these names see Yngl.-saga, c. 7; Gylf., c. 20; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 2; Islendinga Sögur, i. 307.
32. See Vol., 1, 29; Grim., 48; Gylf., cc. 15, 20.
33. Grim., 8; Gylf., c. 20; Hynd., 6.
34. Gylf., c. 36.
35. Odr., 15.
36. Fra d. Sinf.
37. BDr., 3, 13.
38. Lok., 24.
39. Saxo, iii. 94 f. [78 f.]; Skaldsk., 55.
40. Harb., 20, 43.
41. Hav., 145 ff.
42. Yngl.-saga, cc. 7, 14; Vol., 47; Sigrd., 14.
43. See MacCulloch [a], pp. 34, 102, 242, [b], pp. 101, 104.
44. Sigrd., 13; Hav., 111 f.
45. Grim., 47.
46. Yngl.-saga, cc. 5, 7.
47. Gylf., c. 30; Skaldsk., cc. 2, 55.
48. Saxo, iii. 96 [79].
49. Harb., 18, 20, 30; Skaldsk., c. 19.
50. Hay., 96 ff.
51. Hay., 13, 103 ff.

354

52. Reg., Introd.
53. Vol., 1, 28; BDr., Hav., 104, 161; Vaf.; Harb., 44.
54. Skaldsk., c. 2; Vol., 27 ff.; Gering, pp. 6 ff.; Boer, Vol. in loc.
55. Vol., 27, 29; Gylf., cc. 15, 51.
56. Grim., 7; Gylf., c. 35; Gering, Edda, p. 71.
57. Hav., 79, 138 ff., 143.
58. Boer, i. 46.
59. Bugge [a], i. 317; Yngl.-saga, c. 10.
60. Gautreks-saga, c. 7; cf. Saxo, vi. 227 [184]. Karl Blind recorded a song which he heard sung by a Shetland woman, and which is supposed by some to be an echo of the myth of Odin on the tree:

“Nine days he hang pa de rütless tree,
For ill wis da folk in’ güd wis he,
A bluidy maet wis in his side,
Made wi’ a lance, ’at wid na hide.
Nine lang nichts i’ da nippin’ rime,
Hang he dare wi’ his necked limb.
Some dey leuch, bitt ithers gret.”

61. Brag., c. i. See also passages from the skalds giving various names of poetry, Skaldsk., c. 3, and cf. CPB i. 277, 280, Odin is “lord of the ancient mead.” For the saliva rite see E. S. Hartland, Legend of Perseus, London, 1894-96, ii. 260; “Saliva” in ERE xi. 100, 101.
62. Cf. the Sampo myth in the Kalevala, ERE vii. 642.
63. Hynd., 3; Craigie [a], p. 20; Skaldsk., c. 3.
64. Yngl.-saga, i. 17, 18.
65. Hav., 78, 144.
66. Vol., 23; Harb., 24; HH ii. 33.
67. Saxo, vii. 307 [255].
68. Harb., 40; Lok., 23; HBr., 8; Faf., 43; Sigrdr., 4.
69. Hynd., 2; Sigrdr., prose to 4.
70. HH ii. 27 prose; Hynd., 2.
71. HH ii. 37 prose.
72. Saxo, i. 38 [32], vii. 298 [248].
73. Saxo, viii. 317 [263].
74. Saxo, i. 38 [32], vi. 226 [184].
75. Eiriksmal in CPB i. 261 ff.
76. HH i. 16.
77. Mogk, “Human Sacrifice (Teutonic),” ERE vi. 866; Saxo, iii. 95 [78], viii. 296 [247].
78. Heimskringla, i. 12, 17; Saxo, ii. 80 [66].
79. Montelius, 139 f. See Plate VII.
80. Skaldsk. c. 48; Adam of Bremen, iv. 26 f.
81. CPB i. 279; Grim., 54; Metcalfe, p. 386.

355

82. Mogk in Hoops, iv. 559; Fl.-Bók, iii. 246.
83. Harb., 24.
84. Gylf., cc. 3, 9; Vol., 60; Grim., 44.
85. Gylf., cc. 17, 50; Grim., 6.
86. Gylf., cc. 3, 7, 20.
87. Harvarar-saga, c. 12; CPB i. 87 ff.; Kershaw, pp. 113 ff., 216.
88. Gylf., c. 6; Vol., 4; Hynd., 31; Hav., 140.
89. Lok., 26; Heimskringla, i. 13.
90. Saxo, i. 31 [26].
91. Saxo, iii. 98 [81].
92. Tacitus, Germ., 43; cf. Schuck, Studier i Ynglingatal, passim.
93. Balder — Vol., 32; Grim., 21, 22; B Dr., 8, 9; Hynd., 31. Thor — Skaldsk., c. 4; Lok., 59; Grim., 24; Hym., 2, 22, 36; Thrym., 21, 32; .Alviss. 6. Vali — Gylf., c. 30; B Dr. 11; Vol., 33. Hod, etc., Gylf., cc. 8, 10, 11, 13; Vol., 54; Grim., 17.
94. Prologue to Gylf.
95. Gylf., c. 38; Skaldsk., 60; Grim., 20.
96. Story of Olaf Trygg., c. 27, in Saga Library, iii. 258, and iv. 271.
97. Gylf., c. 38; Grim., 19; HH i. 13.
98. Gylf., cc. 15, 42, 49; Skaldsk., c. 17; BDr., 2; Grim., 44.
99. Skaldsk., c. 35; Sigrd., 21, 22.
100. Gylf., c. 49; Skaldsk., cc. 5, 35.
101. Story of Olaf Trygg., cc. 197, 198, in Saga Library, iii. 314.

CHAPTER V
1. Willibrord, Vita Bonif., c. 8.
2. Migne, PL, lxxxix. 853 and 577.
3. Grimm [a], iv. 1739 f.
4. Cæsarius of Arles, PL xxxix. 224; Eligius, in Grimm [a], iv. 1737 f.
5. Burchard, § 92, in PL cxl.
6. Saxo, vi. 225 [183].
7. Tacitus, Germ., cc. 3, 9, Ann., ii. 12.
8. Golther [a], p. 247-
9. Grimm [a], i. 170.
10. For these see Kemble, i. 347.
11. Saxo, ii. 53 [44], 225 [183].
12. Adam of Bremen, iv. 26; Saxo, vii. 265 [220].
13. Ftb., i. 320.
14. Eyrb.-saga, c. 5; Laxd.-saga, c. 192; Viga-Glums-saga, c. 9; Fth., i. 488; Olafs-saga Trygg., c. 69; Ork.-saga, ii. 737.

356

15. Grimm [a], i. 186; Golther, p. 251.
16. Egils-sagal; Ftb., i. 389; Land.-bók, iv. 13.
17. Skaldsk., c. 4.
18. Gautreks-saga, c. 7. See p. 52 supra.
19. Thor, son of Odin and Jörd — Skaldsk., c. 4; Lok., 58; Vol., 55; Harb., 9; Hym., 2, 22, 36; Thrym., 21, 32; Alviss., 6. Sif — Hym., 3, 15, 35; Lok., prose Intro. and 54; Harb., 48; Thrym., 24; Skaldsk., cc. 4, 21. Thrudh — Skaldsk., cc. 4, 21, 48.
20. Skaldsk., cc. 4, 17; Hym., 34; Harb., 9, 53; Vaf., 51.
21. Harb., 9, 39; Gylf., c. 44; Skaldsk., cc. 17, 22, 23; Hym., 39.
22. Lok., 58; Thrym., 1.
23. Adam of Bremen, iv. 27; Eiriks-saga, c. 13.
24. Ftb., i. 388.
25. Dudo, de Mor. et Actis Normannorum, in Memoires de la Soc. des ant. de la Normandie, 1869, xxii. 129 f.
26. Land.-bók, iii. 14. 1.
27. ib., iii. 8. 2.
28. ib., v. 36.
29. Eyrb.-saga, c. 3.
30. Land.-bók, i. 3. 7, i. 7. 6, iv. 11. 1.
31. See Introd. to Eyrb.-saga, in Saga Library, ii. p. xxxi.
32. Njals-saga, c. 98, ii. 72.
33. Land.-bók, iv. 2.
34. Olafs-saga Helga, c. 72.
35. Ftb., i. 283; Saga of Hakon the Good, c. 18 (Saga Lib., iii. 169).
36. Gylf., c. 21; Grim., 4, 24.
37. Gylf., c. 21; Skaldsk., c. 54; Sigrd., 15.
38. Metcalfe, p. 485; Grimm [a], i. 166 f.; Mogk, p. 357; Alviss., 3; Haustlong, in CPB ii. 16.
39. Skaldsk., c. 4; Hym., 21.
40. Gylf., c. 44; CPB ii. 16; Thrym., 21; cf. Lok., 55.
41. Grim., 29; Gylf., c. 15.
42. Gylf., c. 21; Skaldsk., cc. 17, 35; Lok., 57; Hym., 37.
43. Hym., 36; Harb., 15; Skaldsk., c. 17; Lok., 5 7 ff.
44. Grimm [a], i. 179.
45. Thrym., 30.
46. Dasent, Story of Burnt Njal, Intro., p. xxv.
47. Saxo, xiii, quoted in Introd. to Elton’s trans., p. lxiii.
48. Gylf., c. 53.
49. Gylf., c. 21.
50. Fms., i. 503; Thrym., 1, 27; Gylf., c. 44; Grimm [a], i. 177.
51. Harb., 3, 39; Gylf., c. 45.
52. Gylf., c. 51; Vol., 55 f.; but see Lok., 58.
53. Skaldsk., c. 4.

357

54. ARW iv. 282.
55, Skaldsk., c. 17.
56. ib., c. 17; CPB ii. 16.
57. Lok., 61, 63; Sigrd., 15; Hym., 16; Skaldsk., cc. 4, 48. For a similar story of a ball sticking in the head see MacCulloch [b], p. 157.
58. Harb., 14 f.
59. F. R. Schroder in PBB li. 33 f., quoting J. Scheffer, Argentora-tensis Lapponia, Frankfort, 1673, p. 104, and Olrik, Maal og Minne, 1910, pp. 1 ff.
60. Grimm [a], i. 374; Saxo, iii. 106 ff. [87 ff.].
61. Skaldsk., c. 18.
62. CPB ii. 19 f.; Skaldsk., c. 18; see references to the myth in poems quoted by Snorri, Skaldsk., c. 4.
63. Saxo, viii. 344 ff. [286]. For an explanation of Geirrod’s daughters and the flood, see PBB li. 35.
64. Gylf., c. 48.
65. Skaldsk., c. 4.
66. See MacCulloch [c], pp. 143, 174.
67. CPB ii. 8, 24.
68. Faye, Norske Folksagen, pp. 3 f.
69. Gylf., c. 42.
70. Vol., 24; Grimm [a], ii. 547 f., iv. 1446.
71. Skaldsk., c. 4.
72. Harb., 19; Skaldsk., c. 23; Lok., 50.
73. Skaldsk., c. 4.
74. Harb., 23, 29, 32; Hynd., 4; Hym., 11.
75. Gylf., c. 44.
76. Lok., 60, 62; Harb., 26.
77. See MacCulloch [a], pp. 366, 377, [b], pp. 118 ff.
78. Saxo, viii. 352 ff. [292 ff.].
79. ib.
80. On the tabu language see A. Olrik, Nordisk Tidskrift, 1897, p. 341; Phillpotts [a], p. 46.
81. Phillpotts [a], pp. 132 ff., 178.

CHAPTER VI
1. AS glossaries give Mars as the equivalent of Tyr, Kemble, i. 351.
2. Tacitus, Hist., iv. 64, Germ., c. 39, cf. Ann., xiii. 57 for the Hermunduri and Mars.
3. Jordanis, de Origine Actibusque Getarum, c. 5.
4. Procopius, de Bello Goth., ii. 15.
5. Mogk, p. 314.
6. Müllenhoff and Scherer, ii. 1 f.

358

7. On the altar found in 1920 the Alaisiagae are Baudihillie and Friagabi.
8. Gylf., c. 25.
9. Sigrd., 6.
10. Skaldsk., c. 9.
11. Gylf., c. 34.
12. See MacCulloch [a], pp. 84 ff., [b], pp. 25, 28.
13. Lok., 37 f.
14. Gylf., c. 44; Boer, ii. 94 f. See p. 92.
15. Gylf., c. 51.

CHAPTER VII
1. Gylf., c. 23.
2. Vaf., 38; Lok., 34.
3. Skaldsk., c. 6.
4. Grim., 16.
5. Lok., 36. Cf. Grim., 43; Skir., Introd. and 39, 40.
6. Gylf., c. 23; Skaldsk., c. 6; Vaf., 38.
7. Cf. CPB ii. 465.
8. Golther [a], p. 219.
9. Tacitus, Germ., c. 40.
10. Mannhardt [b], pp. 567 ff.; Kock, in Mogk, p. 321.
11. Bing, “Ull” in Maal og Minne, 1916; Schuck, Studier i Ynglingatal, ii.
163 f.
12. Land.-bók, iv. 13; Egils-sagal, 204; cf. Skaldsk., c. 7.
13. Gylf., c. 23.
14. Saxo, i. 37 [30].
15. F. v. d. Leyen, Götter and Göttersagen der Germanen, Munich, 1920, p. 55; Mannhardt [a], i. 415; F. R. Schröder, “Njörds Nackte Fusse,” PBB li. 31. Cf. Grimm, KHM, no. 65, “Allerleirauh.”
16. Gylf., c. 23; Grim., 11.
17. Skaldsk., c. 6.
18. Saxo, i. 40 [37]; Grimm [a], i. 348.
19. Lok., 49 f.; Skir., Introd.; Gylf., c. 50.
20. Gering, p. 39; Golther, pp. 239 f.
21. Yngl.-saga, c. 9; CPB i. 252. The Volsunga-saga, c. 1, makes Sigi a son of Odin. He slays Budi, thrall of a great and mighty man, Skadi, because he kills more deer at the hunt than he. Skadi has been regarded as a form of the goddess, changed by misunderstanding of the name to a male. If so, Sigi would be her son by Odin. Müllenhoff, ZfDA xxiii. 117.
22. Schuck, op. cit.
23. R. M. Meyer, p. 210 and ZfDPh xxxviii. 171.
24. Yngl.-saga, c. 22.

359

25. Vigfusson and Powell, Origines Islandicae, i. 309.
26. Craigie [a], p. 29.

CHAPTER VIII
1. Skir., 38; Lok., Introd.; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 33; Grim., 43; Skir., 39; Skaldsk., c. 7.
2. Gylf., c. 24; Lok., 35, 37; Skir., 3.
3. ib., c. 24; Lok., 37.
4. Grim., 5 and Gering’s note, p. 70.
5. Grim., 43 f.; Gylf., c. 43; Skaldsk., cc. 7, 35. See references to Sagas in Gering, p. 333.
6. Skir., 8, 9; Gylf., c. 37.
7. Thorgrim in Skaldsk., c. 58; Skir., 8.
8. Skir., 21, 22.
9. Gylf., c. 49; Skaldsk., cc. 7, 35; Hynd., 7.
10. Sigrd, c. 10; HHj., Prose to 31; Gisla-saga, cc. 5, 27; Ftb., i. 337; cf. Craigie [a], p. 28.
11. Grimm [a], i. 51, 213 f.; R. Chambers, Book of Days, Edinburgh, 1864, ii. 754.
12. Tacitus, Germ., c. 45.
13. Grimm [a], i. 214 f.; Kemble, i. 357; Beowulf, 604 f., 2895 f., 4299 f.
14. Skir., 9; Lok., 42; Vol., 53; Gylf., c. 51.
15. Vol., 53; Gylf., c. 37; Skaldsk., cc. 7, 58; Skir., 16.
16. Lok., 32.
17. Skir.; Gylf., c. 37; Hynd., 31.
18. Gylf., c. 51; Lok., 42.
19. Saxo, viii. 313 [260]; Lok., 43.
20. Beowulf, 2638; Grimm [a], i. 345.
21. Saxo, i. 36 [30], 90 [75], 313 [260].
22. Vigfusson and Powell, Orig. Island., i. 309.
23. Yngl.-saga, cc. 12, 13.
24. Skaldks., c. 43.
25. Adam of Bremen, iv. 27, 28.
26. Saxo, ix. 363 [301], vi. 228 [185].
27. Ftb., i. 400; Vigfusson and Powell, Orig. Island., ii. 484.
28. Phillpotts [a], pp. 119, 176.
29. Land.-bók, iv. 15. 3.
30. Ftb., i. 307; Hallfredars-saga, c. 5; Egils-sagal, c. 58; Land.-bók, iv. 7.
31. Vigfusson and Powell, Orig. Island., ii. 473.
32. ib., ii. 478.
33. Land.-bók, iii. 5. 1.

360

34. Olafs-saga Trygg., c. 49; Hrafnkels-saga in Orig. Island., ii. 493.
35. Vatnsdœla-saga, c. 34.
36. Olafs-saga, c. 49; Ftb., i. 337 f.
37. Craigie [a], p. 25-
38. Orig. Island., ii. 473; Viga-Glums-saga, ed. Head, p. 75.
39. Yngl.-saga, cc. 23, 33; Land.-bók, v. 17. 2.
40. Gisla-saga, ed. Dasent, pp. 56 ff.
41. Heimskringla, i. 12; Skir., 3.

CHAPTER IX
1. Gylf., c. 35; Skaldsk., cc. 20, 37.
2. Gylf., cc. 24, 35; Lok., Introd.
3. Grim., 14; Gylf., c. 24; Skaldsk., c. 20.
4. Gylf., cc. 24, 49.
5. ib., c. 35; Skaldsk., c. 20; Thrym., 12, 14, 18. See p. 123.
6. Brag., c. 1; Thrym., 36.
7. See Hynd.
8. Gylf., c. 35; Skaldsk., cc. 20, 37.
9. ib., c. 24; Skaldsk., c. 20.
10. Yngi.-saga, c. 4.
11. Gylf., c. 24; cf. Grimm [a], i. 300.
12. Odr., 8; Hynd., 10.
13. Olafs-saga Helga, c. 101 (FAS, iii. 223).
14. Egils-sagal, c. 78.
15. Skaldsk., cc. 18, 19.
16. Skidarimur, in Golther [a], pp. 437-8; Njals-saga, cc. 98, 100.
17. Gylf., cc. 14, 20.
18. ib., c. 24; Skaldsk., c. 17.
19. Giant artificer, Gylf., c. 42; Vol., 25; Hrungnir, Skaldsk., c. 17; Thrym, see Thrymskvitha.
20. Sorla-tháttr, in FAS i. 391; Ftb., i. 275. The story is introductory to the unending conflict of the kings, see p. 316.
21. Beowulf, 1200.
22. Mogk, in Hoops, i. 314.
23. Lok., 30 f.
24. Thrym., 26, 28.
25. Skaldsk., c. 18.
26. Mogk, p. 373.
27. Gylf., c. 35; Skaldsk., cc. 20, 37.
28. Golther [a], p. 445.
29. Mogk [a], p. 373.
30. Gering, p. 19.
31. Cf. Chadwick [a], c. 12; Phillpotts [a], p. 164.

361

CHAPTER X
1. Vol., 32; BDr., 8, 9; Hynd., 31; Lok., 27; cf. Gylf., c. 22.
2. Grim., 12.
3. Bugge explains this as a reference to the daughters of Ran. In their grief they will toss the ships up on the waves till their sails reach the sky.
4. Vol., 32 ff.
5. Hynd., 30.
6. Skin, 21, 22; Vaf., 54, 55; Lok., 7; Vol., 62.
7. Vol., 62.
8. CPB ii. 23 f.; cf. Skaldsk., c. 5.
9. Gylf., c. 22; Skaldsk., c. 5.
10. Thor actually killed Hyrrokin, according to skald Thorbjorn Disarskald cited in Skaldsk., c. 4.
11. Gylf., cc. 49 f.
12. ib., c. 53.
13. Skaldsk., cc. 12, 13.
14. Saxo, iii. 83 ff. [69 ff.], 94 [78].
15. ib., iii. 89 [74], 94 [78]; Herrmann [a], p. 215.
16. See p. 47.
17. Kauffmann, p. 72.
18. Mogk, in Hoops, i. 159; Herrmann, [a], pp. 211 ff.; Olrik [c].
19. Cf. Golther [a], p. 378.
20. FAS ii. 372f.; Sigrd, ed. Bugge, p. 206.
21. Svip., 42.
22. Cf. Golther [a], p. 379; F. Detter, PBB 1894, xix. 498, thinks mistelteinn the plant came first and was then regarded as a sword. G. Neckel, “Mistel,” in Hoops, iii. 230, supports the plant theory.
23. Bugge [b], pp. xxxviii. ff.
24. Phillpotts [a], pp. 76, 128 ff. Miss Phillpotts thinks the account in Snorri is “rather like a game which Snorri had either seen himself or had had described to him.” The comic elements mingle with the tragic, as in a folk-play — Thor kicks the dwarf into the fire; four berserks have to hold down the giantess’s steed, etc. If the dwarf incident represents an older human sacrifice, still that would not be “an unnecessary precaution if the god be thought to be irretrievably dead.” Human sacrifice was all too common at the funerals of those who were “irretrievably dead.”
25. ZfDA lii. 169 f., liv. 195 f.; Kogel, i. 92; PBB xv. 207; Bugge [a], i. 301 (Paul); ZfDPh (Apollo) xxi. 145; Grimm [a], i. 224 ff.
26. Thiele, ii. 341.

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CHAPTER XI
1. Gylf., c. 33, cf. c. 44 “that As called Loki,” and Skaldsk., c. 33, where he is included among the Æsir. For Lopt, see Lok., 6; Hynd., 43; Fjol., 26. For Lodur, Vol., 18. For Laufey, Lok., 52; Thrym., 17, 20; Gylf., c. 49; Skaldsk., cc. 16, 35. For Byleist, Vol., 51; Hynd., 42.
2. Gylf., c. 44 f.; Thrym.; Skaldsk., c. 18. See p. 83.
3. Vol., 17; Reg. and Skaldsk., c. 39; Brag., c. 1.
4. Skaldsk., c. 22.
5. Lok., 9, 16, 25.
6. Saga Library, iii. 217 (Story of Harald Greycloak, c. 15).
7. Skaldsk., c. 16.
8. See p. 63; Elton’s ed. of Saxo. Introd., p. lxi Mogk, p. 349.
9. See p. 123.
10. Gylf., c. 42, cf. Vol., 25, Hynd., 42.
11. Brag., c. 1; Lok., 50 f.
12. ib., c. 1.
13. Skaldsk., c. 18.
14. ib., c. 39.
15- ib., c. 35.
16. See p. 88.
17. Fms., i. 391 ff.; Skaldsk., cc. 8, 16.
18. Skaldsk., c. 33; Lok., Introd.
19. Hynd., 42; Gylf., c. 34.
20. ib., 43; Lok., 23; and Gering’s note, p. 34.
21. Gylf., c. 50; Vol., 35.
22. BDr., 14.
23. Gylf., c. 51.
24. Gronbech [b], ii. 213.
25. Skaldsk., c. 16; Lok., 10, 54; Hym., 38.
26. Lok., 6; Hynd., 43; Skaldsk., cc. 18, 22 and CPB ii. 19 f., 14 f.
27. Vol., 18; Skaldsk., c. 23 and CPB ii. 13 f.; Mogk, in Hoops, iii. 164.
28. Cf. Bugge [a], i. 73 f.
29. Uhland, vi. 14; Gering, Edda, p. 9.
30. Gering, Edda, p. 21.
31. Mogk, in Hoops, iii. 163.
32. Skaldsk., c. 35.
33. ib.; Svip., 42, 50.
34. See MacCulloch [b], p. 163.
35. Mogk, in Hoops, iii. 163; Golther [a], p. 409; Munch, pp. 297, 306; Grimm [a], i. 242.

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36. Olrik, Festskrift til Feilberg (= Maal og Minne, 1911), p. 548 f. Cf. Danske Studier, 1909, pp. 69, 77 f., 83.
37. MacCulloch, “Earth, Earth-gods,” ERE v. 128.
38. Cf. CPB i, Introd. p. cvi, for a theory of an old Titanic being, Wloki, chained beneath a mountain, and causing earthquakes, and combined with the mocking, spiteful Loki.
39. Mythology of All Races, vi. 265 f., vii. 76 f.
40. Olrik, op. cit., in note 36, and “Ragnarok-forestill ingernes udspring,” Danske Studier, 1913.

CHAPTER XII
1. Brag., c. i.
2. Vol., 18; Brag., cc. 1, 39; Reg., Introd.
3. V. Hammershaimb, Fāröiske Kvädar, Copenhagen, 1851, i. 140 f.; Grimm [a], iii, Introd., p. xl. For the interpretation of the story, Upland, vi. 193 f., vii. 367 ff.
4. Skaldsk., cc. 15, 22; CPB ii. 14 f. Vigfusson regards Hœnir as connected with an old myth of a bird that laid the egg of the world. He is long-legged and “lord of the ooze” (aur-Konung), and his name may be connected with Sanskrit Sakunas = Greek cucuos, the white bird, swan or stork. The picture is that of a creator walking in chaos and finally hatching the egg of the world (CPB i. Introd., p. cii).
5. Fms., i. 373.
6. Gylf., c. 23; Yngl.-saga, c. 4.
7. Vol., 63.
8. Gylf., c. 27; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 8; Grim., 13; Hynd., 37.
9. Thrym., 14; Grim., 13; Skir., 28; Vol., 27, 46; cf. Boer on Vol., 27.
10. Vol., i ; Rig.; Hynd., 38, 40; Gylf., c. 27.
11. Lok., 47 f.
12. Gylf., c. 27, cf. cc. 15, 17, 49.
13. Cf. e.g., Celtic Myth., in this Series, pp. 189, 190.
14. Phillpotts, p. 130.
15. Gylf., cc. 27, 51; Skaldsk., c. 8.
16. Hynd., 39; Gud., ii. 22.
17. Skaldsk., cc. 8, 16.
18. Vol., i ; Hynd., 40; Grim., 13.
19. Grimm [a], iv. 1360; Golther [a], p. 366; E. H. Meyer [a], p. 409.
20. Gylf., c. 31; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., cc. 4, 14, 18,
21. ib., c. 31; Skaldsk., c. 14.
22. Akv., 32; Grim., 42.

364

23. Grim., 5 in Sijmons and Gering, i. 222.
24. Golther, p. 392; Munch, p. 296; Schück, Studier, ii. 184 ff.; Mogk, in Hoops, iv. 372.
25. Skaldsk., c. 48.
26. Plutarch, Caius Marius, c. 23.
27. See p. 64.
28. M. Olsen, Hedenske Kultminder i norske Stedsnavne, Kristiania, 1915, vol. i; J. Bing, in Maal og Minne, 1916, pp. 107 ff.
29. Munch, p. 325.
30. Gylf., c. 29; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., cc. 11, 18, 33; Lok., Introd.
31. Grim., 17.
32. Lok., 10.
33. Vol., 54; Gylf., c. 51; Skaldsk., c. 11; Vaf., 53.
34. Gylf., c. 53; Vaf., 51.
35. ib., c. 51.
36. Kauffmann, p. 80, PBB, xviii. 157 f., cf. Anderson, pp. 338, 339.
37. M. Rœdiger, ZfDPh xxvii. 1 ff.
38. Kauffmann, PBB xviii. 157.
39. Gylf., c. 26; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., cc. 22, 33. Cf. Lok., Introd.
40. Grim, 44; Sigrd., 16; Lok., 8 ff.
41. CPB i. 260 ff.
42. See MacCulloch [a], pp. 25, 74 f.
43. Lok., 17.
44. HH ii. 8.
45. Yngl.-saga, c. 40; Story of Hakon the Good, c. 16 in Saga Library, iii. 165.
46. HHj, Prose to 31.
47. Gylf., c. 32; Brag., c. 1; Grim., 15; Munch, p. 18; Bugge, Stud., p. 290.
48. Alcuin, Vita Willibrordi, c. 10; Lex Fris., tit. v. 1, in MHG Leg., iii. 663.
49. C. v. Richthofen, Friesische Rechtsquellen, pp. 439 ff.; Golther, p. 389.
5o. Gylf., cc. 30, 36; Skalds., c. 12; BDr., 11.
51. BDr., 11; Vol., 33; Hynd., 30; Skaldsk., c. 12.
52. See p. 135.
53. See MacCulloch [b], pp. 141, 165; Grimm [a], i. 321.
54. Detter, PBB xix. 509; G. Neckel, Studien zu den germ. Dichtungen vom Weltuntergang, 1918, pp. 21 ff.
55. Svip., 6; E. Brate, ANF xxix. 109 f.
56. Gylf., c. 28.
57. Vol., 34; BDr., 10, 11.
58. Vol., 62; Gylf., c. 53.

365

59. Skaldsk., c. 5.
60. ib., c. 13.
61. Detter, PBB 1894, xix. 455 f.

CHAPTER XIII
1. See p. 52.
2. Vol., 19, 27, 29; Gylf., c. 15; Boer, in loc.
3. Gylf., c. 15.
4. Svip., 30.
5. Vol., 46.
6. Vaf., 45; Gylf., c. 53.
7. Yngl.-saga, c. 4. See p. 26.
8. Sigrd., 13 ff .
9. Vol., 46; Gylf., c. 51.
10. Eyrb.-saga, c. 43. For Celtic head myths see MacCulloch [b], p. 101.
11. Skaldsk., c. 2.
12. Golther [a], p. 179; Mogk [a], p. 305; E. W. Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch, Nordhausen, 1856-59, i. 931 f.; Grimm [a], i. 380.
13. Grimm [b], pp. 146 ff.
14. E. H. Meyer [a], pp. 280, 380.
15. Snorri, p. 209 (Rask’s Norse text); Hav., 141; Gylf., c. 6; see p. 52.

CHAPTER XIV
1. Skaldsk., cc. 25, 61.
2. ib., c. 61.
3. Munch, p. 305.
4. Lok., Introd.; Skaldsk., cc. 25, 61; Brag., c. 1; Yngl.-saga, c. 36.
5. Skaldsk., c. 27.
6. Snorri, p. 210 (Norse text).
7. Skaldsk., c. 33.
8. ib., c. 33.
9. CPB i. 278; Skaldsk., c. 25.
10. ib., ii. 54; Skaldsk., c. 27.
11. Herrmann [a], pp. 579, 600.

CHAPTER XV
1. Skaldsk., (Thjodolf of Hvin), c. 2; Vol., 53.
2. Lok., 26; Gylf., c. 9.

366

3. Skaldsk., c. 19.
4. Vol., 34; Gylf., c. 35; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., cc. 19, 33; Grim., Introd.
5. Lok., 29 (Freyja’s words); in Gylf., c. 20, Snorri makes Odin say this.
6. Skaldsk., cc. 18, 19.
7. Odr., 8.
8. Golther [a], p. 432; cf. Grimm [a], l. 304.
9. Vol., 34, 53; Gylf., c. 49.
10. R. M. Meyer, p. 274.
11. See p. 61.
12. Lok., 25 f.
13. Saxo, i. 31 [26].
14. See p. 64.
15. Grimm [a], i. 123 ff.
16. Mogk [a], p. 371; Grimm [a], i. 302; Golther [a], p. 433, citing G. O. Hyltén-Cavallius, Wärend och Wirdarne, pp. 236 ff.; Preyer and Zvikel, Reise nach Island, p. 356.

CHAPTER XVI
1. Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 33; Lok., Introd.
2. Kauffmann [a], p. 44; Gering, Edda, p. 31.
3. Gylf., c. 26; Haustlong in Skaldsk., c. 22.
4. Golther [a], p. 449; ANF v. 24.
5. Lok., 16 ff.
6. Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 22; Harb., 19; Lok., 50. The Haustlong is also in CPB ii. 14.
7. Gering, Edda, p. 33.
8. Bugge, ANF v. 1 f.
9. See MacCulloch [a], pp. 159, 377.
10. Gylf., c. 35; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 33.
11. Grimm [a], i. 311; Lok., 19 ff.
12. Gylf., c. 1. Cf. CPB ii. 8 for Bragi.
13. Yngl.-saga, c. 5.
14. Olrik, Danske Studier, 1910, pp. 1 ff. For the rites see R. Chambers, Book of Days, i. 94; Chadwick [a], pp. 234 ff.; F. Kauffmann, ARW xv. 617. Müllenhoff [a], ii. 361, however, thinks that the story is Swedish, not Danish, and identifies Gefjun with Freyja.
15. E. H. Meyer [a], pp. 213, 417; F. N. Robinson, “Deae Matres,” ERE iv. 409 f.
16. Cf. E. H. Meyer [a], p. 416. The story is first told of Dido.
17. Hym., 3, 15, 35, etc.; Skaldsk., c. 4.
18. Skaldsk., c. 21.

367

19. Lok., 53 f.
20. Harb., 48.
21. Skaldsk., c. 17.
22. ib., cc. 4, 14, 21; Gylf., c. 31.
23. Gylf., c. 35, Grim., 7.
24. Golther, pp. 345, 435.
25. HH i. 40.
26. Gylf., cc. 11, 35.
27. Vaf., 23.
28. Grimm [a], ii. 704.
29. Gylf., cc. 11, 35; Grimm [a], ii. 717; Baring-Gould, p. 201.
30. Odr., 31.
31. Gylf., cc. 35, 49; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., cc. 19, 32, 36.
32. ib., c. 35.
33. Vol., 33.
34. Gylf., c. 35; Svip., 52, 54.
35. ib., Thrym., 30.
36. ib.
37. ib.
38. Skaldsk. c. 44.
39. Saxo, iii. 87 [72].
40. Njals-saga, c. 89; Thorleif Jarlaskald, Ftb., i. 213; Hardar-saga, c. 19.
41. Fœreyinga-saga, c. 23.
42. Jomsvikings-saga, c. 44, cf. CPB ii. 30; Fms., ii. 134.
43. Tháttr Thorleifs Jarlaskald, Ftb., i. 213.
44. Njals-saga, c. 87.
45. See Gustav Storm in ANF ii. 124 f.; K. Liestøl [a], p. 49 f.
46. HHj., prose to 6 and ff. Cf. Herrmann, p. 214.

CHAPTER XVII
1. Skaldsk., cc. 25, 33, 61.
2. ib.; Sigrd, c. 15.
3. HH i. 29 f.; HHj., 18.
4. Ref. in Skaldsk., c. 25; c. 33; Grimm [a], i. 311.
5. Eyrb.-saga, c. 11, cf. p. 307.
6. Egils-sagal, c. 80; CPB i. 278.
7. Fridthjofs-saga, c. 6.
8. Eyrb.-saga, c. 53.
9. Fms., vi. 375 f.
10. Metcalfe, p. 287; Mogk, in Hoops, iv. 438.
11. See MacCulloch [a], pp. 87, 179 f., [b], p. 99.

368

CHAPTER XVIII
1. See MacCulloch, “Nature,” ERE ix. 201 ff.
2. Gylf., cc. 9, 10, 36; Skaldsk., cc. 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 57; Lok., 58; Thrym., 1.
3. W. Brambach, Corpus Inscr. Rhen., Elberfeld, 1867, 150; W. Pleyte, Verslagen der kon.-Akad. Letter-kunde, 3, 6, 58; Grimm [a], i. 256 f.
4. Vol., 56; Harb., 56; Lok., 26.
5. MacCulloch, “Earth, Earth-gods,” ERE iv. 127 f.
6. Tacitus, Ann., i. 51; Kogel, i. 1. 19; Müllenhoff, ZfDA ix. 258, xxiii. 23 f.; Golther [a], p. 458.
7. Grein i. 312 f.; Mogk, in Hoops, i. 625; Grimm [a], i. 253 f., 1237 f.; Golther [a], p. 455; Chadwick [a], c. 10.
8. Sigrd., 4.
9. Hav., 137; see p. 155; Mogk, in Hoops, i. 626, and in ERE ii. 662.
10. Mogk, in Hoops, i. 626, 663.
11. F. J. Hamilton-Grierson, ERE ii. 858; CPB i. 308; Gisli-saga, ed. Dasent, p. 23.
12. See p. 183; Gylf., c. 11; Golther, p. 524.
13. Vaf., 23; Grim., 37.
14. Skaldsk., c. 26; Grim., 38; Sigrd., 15; Yngl.-saga, c. 20; cf. Grim., 15.
15. Gylf., c. 35.
16. Gylf., c. 42.
17. Alviss., 16.
18. Vol., 5 f., 73 f.; Gering, in loc., citing Hoffory.
19. Cæsar, vi. 21.
20. Tacitus, Germ., c. 45, Ann., xiii. 55.
21. Procopius, de Bello Goth., ii. 15.
22. Eligius, PL lxxxvii. 528 f.; Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, ed. B. Thorpe, London, 1840, p. 162; Indic. Sup., in Grimm, iv. 1740.
23. S. Müller, Solbilledet fra Trundholm, p. 313.
24. ib., p. 174.
25. Helm, p. 185.
26. ib., p. 184.
27. Gylf., c. 12.
28. Grim., 39; Vol., 40.
29. Vaf., 46, 47.
30. Vol., 40 f.; Gylf., c. 12.
31. Vaf., 12, 14, 25; HHj., 28; cf. Alviss., 29 f.
32. Gylf., c. 10.

369

33. Golther [a], p. 523; Bugge [b], p. 100.
34. MacCulloch, “Light and Darkness,” ERE viii. 48.
35. Fms., i. 468; Kershaw, p. 120.
36. Land.-bók, v. 3, viii. 8; Eyrb.-saga, 1, 7.
37. Islendinga-sögur, 1; Haconar-saga, i. 309.
38. Ancient Laws, ed. Thorpe, p. 162.
39. Grimm [a], ii. 603.
40. ib.
41. Gylf., cc. 4, 5; Vol., 52; Phillpotts ANF 1905, xvii. 14 f.
42. Land.-bók, ii. 5.
43. Hav., 68, 137.
44. See p. 310.
45. Agathias, Hist., i. 7, in PG lxxxviii.
46. J. Hardouin, Conciliorum Collectio, Paris, 1715, vi. 1. 462; Homilia de sacrilegiis, edited by C. P. Caspari, ZfDA xxv. 313 ff.
47. Land.-bók, iii. 17 in CPB i. 421.
48. Tacitus, Ann., ii. 12, iv. 73, Germ., cc. 39, 40.
49. Adam of Bremen, ii. 46, iv. 27; Land.-bók, iii. 16, 17.
50. Agathias, Hist., xxviii. 4.
51. Willibrord, Vita S. Bonif., c. 8; Adam of Bremen, iv. 26.
52. Mogk, in ERE vi. 486, and in Hoops, i. 183.
53. Golther [a], p. 144; Mogk [a], p. 192, and ERE iv. 633; E. Hahn, ZVV 1911, xxi. 178 f.
54. Hynd., 49; Gylf., c. 12.
55. Grimm [a], ii. 480.
56. ib., ii. 432.
57. Gudrun, p. 429; Das deutsche Heldenbuch, ed. A. v. Keller, Stuttgart, 1867, pp. 228 f. Cf. Symons, in Paul’s Grundriss, iii. 476, and Bugge [b], p. 246.
58. Meiche, pp. 342, 344; Golther [a], p. 154 f.; E. H. Meyer [a], p. 129.
59. Grimm [a], ii. 483; Simrock, p. 440; Meiche, pp. 342 f.; Golther [a], pp. 152 f.; Thorpe, i. 252; Mogk [a], pp. 294 f., and in ERE iv. 634.
60. Grimm [b], i. 30, from Pratorius, cf. [a], iii. 929.
61. Mogk [a], p. 294; Keightley, p. 93.
62. Grimm [a], ii. 484; Simrock, p. 440; Thorpe, i. 252; Meiche, p. 33.
63. Golther [a], p. 156.
64. Land.-bók, v. 7. 10.
65. Procopius, de Bello Goth., ii. 25.
66. Mogk, in ERE vi. 866.
67. See p. 75.
68. Alcuin, Vita Willibrordi, c. 10; Adam of Bremen, iv. 3; Mogk,

370

in ERE vi. 866. For other examples see C. von Richthofen, Zur Lex Saxonum, Berlin, 1868, p. 204, and for foretelling the future by water, Plutarch, Cæsar, c. 19.
69. HHj., 19.
70. Promptorium Parvulorum, Early English Text Society, 1908, s. v. nykyr.
71. Grimm [a], ii. 491; Mogk, p. 146; Meiche, p. 357; Thorpe, ii. 21 f.; Craigie [b], pp. 238 ff.
72. Reginsmal, Introd.
73. Grimm [a], i. 52, ii. 492; Golther [a], p. 147; Thorpe, ii. 23.
74. Grimm [a], ii. 493; Craigie [b], p. 239; Thorpe, ii. 22.
75. Thorpe i. 249, 288; Simrock, p. 447.
76. Arnason, i. 95; Craigie [b], p. 228.
77. Grimm [b], i. 32, 43 ff., 202; Meiche, p. 364.
78. Meiche, p. 360; Thorpe, i. 248.
79. Grimm [a], i. 433 ff.; Mogk, in Hoops, iii. 205.
80. Thorpe, i. 246; Grimm [a], ii. 491, [b], i. 36 ff., [c], no. 79; Meiche, pp. 363, 372-3.
81. Nibelungenlied, stanza 1583 f.
82. Grimm [b], i. 37; Meiche, p. 366.
83. Grimm [b], i. 39; Thorpe, i. 247 f.
84. G. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Collectio, ix. 133; Hardouin, iii. 444.
85. Eligius, in PL lxxxvii. 528 f.
86. Hom. de Sacrilegiis, ed. Caspari, pp. 71 ff.
87. Boniface, in PL lxxxix. 853, Sermo vi.
88. MGH Leg., sect. ii, Hanover, 1883, Capit. Regum Francorum, p. 55.
89. ib., p. 69.
90. Grimm, iv. 1739.
91. Burchard, in PL cxl. 961.

CHAPTER XIX
1. Heimskringla (Saga Library), iii. 315.
2. Land.-bók, i. 2. 3.
3. HHj., 9; Grimm [a], ii. 689.
4. Grimm [a], ii. 684.
5. Gylf., cc. 15, 17; Grim., 34, 35, 54.
6. Montelius, p. 140. See Plate VII.
7. Cf. Mogk, “Schlangenverehrung,” in Hoops, iv. 132; E. Welsford, ERE xi. 420.
8. Grimm [a], ii. 686 f., [c], no. 105; Bolte and Polivka, ii. 459 f.
9. Paulus Diaconus, iii. 34; R. Chambers, Book of Days, i. 276.
10. See MacCulloch, “Serpent-worship,” ERE xi. 399 ff.

371

CHAPTER XX
1. A. Berridale Keith, Indian Mythology (in this Series), pp. 57 f.
2. Lok., 2, 13, 30; Vol., 48; Thrym., 6; Hav., 143, 159, 160; Skir., 7; Grim., 4; Faf., 13.
3. Skir., 17 f.; Sigrd., 18.
4. Grim., 5; Gylf., c. 17.
5. Grimm [a], i. 25, iii. 1244; T. O. Cockayne, Leechdoms . . . of Early England, London, 1864-66, iii. 53.
6. Hav., 143 (Daenn, an elf); Vol., 11 and Hynd., 7 (Daenn, a dwarf); Vkv., 12, 14, 34.
7. Gylf., c. 17.
8. Skaldsk., c. 35.
9. ib., c. 39.
10. Gylf., c. 34.
11. Cleasby and Vigfusson, p. 42; Thorpe, i. 25.
12. Gylf., c. 17.
13. Alviss., 12, 16.
14. Grimm [d], p. 65; Vaf., 47; Gylf., c. 53; Skir., 4.
15. Ham., i.
16. Grimm [a], iii. 962 f.
17. Craigie [b], p. 430, cf. also pp. 142 ff.
18. Cleasby and Vigfusson, p. 641; Thorpe, i. 218; Arnason, i. 114 f.
19. Thorpe, ii. 1, 11.
20. ib., ii. 2 f.; Faye, p. 39.
21. Thorpe, ii. 3, 6; Grimm [a], i. 271 f.; Faye, pp. 25, 39 f.
22. Thorpe, i. 25, ii. Introd., p. xi; Faye, p. 48.
23. Thorpe, i. 116.
24. Thorpe, ii. 115; Craigie [b], p. 93.
25. Craigie [b], pp. 94 ff., 422, 430.
26. Thorpe, ii. 116; Craigie [b], pp. 175, 430; Thiele, passim.
27. Craigie [b], p. 434.
28. Thorpe, ii. 63 f.; Mogk [a], p. 288.
29. ib., ii. 62; Munch, p. 288.
30. Craigie [b], pp. 170, 215, 422, 436; Wigstrom, pp. 108, 110, 154 f.
31. Thorpe, ii. 73.
32. See MacCulloch, “Fairy,” ERE v. 679 ff.
33. Ftb., ii. 7.
34. Kormaks-saga, c. 22; cf. CPB i. 414.
35. Story of Olaf the Holy, c. 92, in Saga Library, iv. 73.
36. Eyrb.-saga, c. 3.

372

CHAPTER XXI
1. Magnusen, p. 833; Thorpe, ii. 117.
2. HHj., 27; Sigrd., prose to 4; Odr., 8.
3. Gud., i. 21, 22; Lok., 57, 59, 61, 63. In one manuscript the passage in Hynd., 35, relating to the origin of seers (vitkar) from Vilmeith, reads vœttir for vitkar.
4. Land.-bók, iv. 18. 6.
5. ib., iv. 13. 2; Saga of Harald Fairhair, c. 19, in Saga Library, 111. 112.
6. Saga of Olaf Trygg., c. 37, in Saga Library, i. 268.
7. Land.-bók, iv. 17. 3.
8. Grettis-saga, pp. 169, 276.
9. Egils-sagal, c. 60.
10. Land.-bók, iii. 14. 17, iv. 18. 6.
11. Thorpe’s Edda, i. 29.
12. FAS ii. 197.
13. Grimm [a], ii. 459.
14. Munch, p. 42.
15. Thorpe, i. 116 ; Munch, pp. 44, 310.
16. Craigie [b], p. 434.
17. ib., pp. 170, 215, 422, 436; Wigstrom, pp. 108, 110, 154 ff.; Grimm [a], ii. 457.
18. Faer. Anth., i. 326 f.; Craigie [b], pp. 138, 161, 216.

CHAPTER XXII
1. HHj., prose to 30 and ff.
2. Am., 18.
3. Njals-saga, c. 23.
4. Ljosvetninga-saga, c. 21.
5. Fms., iii. 113; Orig. Island., ii. 584.
6. FAS, i. 102 f.
7. Ljosvetninga-saga, c. 30.
8. Thordar-saga, c. 6.
9. Njals-saga, c. 41 and Introd., p. xix.
10. The word Hamingjur is used in Vafthrudnismal, 48, 49, in the sense of supernatural protective beings, possibly friendly Norns. See p, 241.
11. Viga-Glums-saga, ii. 8, ed. Head, p. 34.
12. Hallfreds-saga, c. 11.
13. Olafs-saga Trygg., c. 215, in Orig. Island., i. 419. In Njals-saga, c. 95, occurs the phrase: “Thidrandi, whom the Disir slew.”

373

14. Gisla-saga, pp. 69, 73, 93, 100, and cf. Introd., p. xxviii (ed. Dasent).
15. Njals-saga, c. 96.
16. Grimm [a], i. 400, 419, iii. 875.
17. Faye, p. 77; Thorpe, i. 115; Craigie, Blackwood’s Magazine, 1912, cxci. 304 f.
18. R. Kirk, Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns, Fairies, ed. A. Lang, London, 1893, p. 10.

CHAPTER XXIII
1. Am., 45.
2. Heliand, cc. 146, 66, etc., and Codex Exon., 355, see Grimm [a], i. 406; Beowulf, 2240, 5145.
3. Sig. en skamma, 5.
4. O. Schade, Altdeutsches Wörterbuch, Halle, 1872-82, i. 657.
5. Gylf., cc. 15, 16; Faf., 13.
6. Faf., 11, 12, 44; HH i. 1 ff.
7. Sigrd., 17, 8.
8. Reg., 2.
9. Sig. en skamma, 5, 7.
10. Gud., ii. 39.
11. Ghv., 13.
12. HH ii. 18.
13. Ham., 28, 30.
14. Saga Library, iii. 126; Egils-sagal, c. 24.
15. Reg., 24.
16. Munch, p. 301; Ham., 29.
17. Vol., 8, 20.
18. Vaf., 49.
19. Svip., 47.
20. Kershaw, p. 35 f., 178 f. See MacCulloch [b], Chapter XV.
21. See MacCulloch [c], Chapter V; Bolte and Polivka, i. 434 ff.
22. Saxo, vi. 223 [181].
23. See p. 132 and MacCulloch [a], pp. 44 ff.
24. Vol., 19, 20; Hav., 110; Svip., 7.
25. Vol., 31.
26. Plato, Repub., 10; Isidore of Seville, Etymol., viii. 11, 92.
27. Gylf., cc. 23, 35; Fms., ii. 483; Volsunga-saga, c. 19.
28. Yngl.-saga, c. 33; Munch, p. 33.
29. Sigrd, c. 1; Egils-sagal, c. 44; CPB i. 405; cf. Grimm [a], i. 402.
30. Grimm, iv. 1746.

374

31. Burchard (“Corrector”), § 151, in H. J. Schmitz, Die Bussbucher, Dusseldorf, 1898, ii. 442.
32. Golther [a], p. 107; Mogk [a], p. 283; Liebrecht, p. 329.
33. Grimm [a], i. 409, 416, iv. 1402; KHM no. 14; Bolte and Polivka, i. 109 f., 439; cf. Bugge [b], pp. 102 ff.
34. Adam la Bossue, in Les classiques françaises du moyen-âge, p. 24 f.; Keightley, p. 469; F. Jónsson, Hist. eccles. Islandiae, ii. 367.
35. Holinshed, Chronicles, 1577, P. 243; H. Boece, Hist., 1683, book xii, p. 258; Complaynt of Scotlande, ed. J. Leyden, Edinburgh, 1801, ii. 99; Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 733, Legend of Good Women, 1. 2630; Bp. Percy, Reliques, iii. 218 f.
36. Grimm [a], i. 403, 409.
37. Viga-Glums-saga, c. 12, ed. Head, p. 48.

CHAPTER XXIV
1. For oska-synir see Gylf., c. 20, and cf. Loki as Odin’s oskmogr, Lok., 16. For the various titles see Faf., 43, HH i. 56, Vol., 31, Gud., 1. 17.
2. Gylf., c. 36.
3. Grim., 36; Vol., 31.
4. HHj., prose to 9, 5 prose, 28; HH i. 15, 16, 56; HH ii. 4 prose, 7, prose to 16; Vol., 31.
5. HH i. 40.
6. ib., i. 56, ii. 7.
7- Skaldsk., c. 47.
8. Gylf., c. 49; Skaldsk., c. 2 (Ulf Uggason).
9. Volsunga-saga, c. 2.
10. Gylf., c. 24; Skaldsk., cc. 17, 20.
11. Viga-Glums-saga, ed. Head, p. 82; CPB ii. 74; Orig. Island., ii. 477.
12. Sturlunga-saga, vii. 28.
13. Fms., vi. 402.
14. Metcalfe, p. 382.
15. CPB i. 263 f.; Story of Hakon the Good, c. 32, in Saga Library, iii. 189 f.
16. CPB i. 260 f.
17. Faf., 42 ff.; Sigrd., 1 ff.
18. ib.; Grip., 15 ff.; Odr., 15 f.; Skaldsk., c. 41.
19. HHj., prose to 9 ff.
20. HH i. 15 ff.
21. HH ii. prose to 50.
22. See HH ii. 44, 47; HHj., 7, 26, 28; Grip., 15; Vkv., 1; HH i. 17.

375

23. Islendinga Sögur, ii. 103; Mogk [a], p. 270.
24. See pp. 46, 298.
25. Grimm [a], i. 401; R. Much in Hoops, ii. 578; Paul, Grundriss, ii. 1. 63.
26. Grimm [a], i. 418; Kemble, i. 403-4.
27. ib., iii. 1244; ib., i. 403-4.
28. Metcalfe, p. 156.
29. Kemble, i. 404; Grimm [a], i. 431; Mogk, p. 270.
30. See p. 132.
31. Sigrd., passim; Sigr. en skamma, 54 f.
32. Njals-saga, c. 156; Beowulf, 697.
33. Gud., i. 18; HH i. 17; Skaldsk., 31; Fms., ii. 483.
34. Sturlunga-saga, i. 220; Viga-Glums-saga, c. 21; Fms., ii. 375 f.
35. See MacCulloch [a], p. 72; Story of Hakon the Good, c. 5, in Saga Library, iii. 155.
36. See MacCulloch [a], p. 71 f.
37. Vopiscus, Vita Aurel., c. 34; Dio Cassius, lxxi. 3; Paulus Diaconus, i. 15. Vihansa, CIL xiii. 3592; Von Grienberger, ZfDA xxxvi. 310 f.; Hariasa, CIL xiii. 8185; Harimella, CIL vii. 1o65. Cf. Helm, i. 376.
38. Akv., 17, 45; Fms., i. 379; Saxo, iii. 106 (87), vii. 275, 277 (229, 230), viii. 310 (257).
39. Cf. Mogk [a], p. 269.
40. Grimm, iv. 1747.
41. L. Strakkerjan, Aberglaube and Sagen aus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 1909, i. 463 f.; Mogk, in Hoops, iv. 475; Golther, p. 113.

CHAPTER XXV
1. See MacCulloch [c], pp. 342 ff.; Hartland, pp. 255 ff.
2. Baring-Gould, p. 573; Grimm [a], i. 428.
3. HBr., 7; cf. Fms., i. 186.
4. Fms., ii. 375 f.
5. Nibelungenlied, l. 1476.
6. Saxo, vi. 219 [178].
7. Baring-Gould, p. 574; Grimm [a], i. 429.
8. A. A. Afzelius, Volkssagen aus Schweden, ii. 301 f.
9. Thorpe, ii. 69.
10. Gylf., c. 16.
11. Vincent of Beauvais, Spec. Nat., ii. 127.
12. Baring-Gould, p. 579 f.
13. Grimm [a], i. 370; Beowulf, 1 ff.; Kemble, i. 414.
14. Bolte and Polivka, i. 432.

376

CHAPTER XXVI
1. Vol., 9 ff.
2. Gylf., c. 14.
3. ib., c. 8; Skaldsk., c. 23.
4. Heldenbuch, pp. 1 f.
5. Vol., 14; Gylf., c. 14.
6. Faf., 13; Vol., 14; Alviss., 16; Hav., 143.
7. Hav., 160.
8. Daenn, Nabbe, Hynd., 7; Lit, Gylf., c. 49; Fjalar and Gjallar, Brag., 1; Sindri, Vol., 37; Gylf., c. 52.
9. Thorpe’s Edda, i. 32.
10. See Vol., 11, 12, 16; Hynd., 7; Hav., 143; Vkv., 15; Grimm [a], ii. 445.
11. Skaldsk., c. 35; cf. Grim., 43, 44; Hynd., 7.
12. Reg., Introd. and 14 prose; Faf., 22, 32 f.; Skaldsk., c. 40.
13. Skaldsk., c. 50.
14. Egils-sagal.
15. Vkv., 10 ff.
16. Thorpe, i. 88 f.
17. See p. 123.
18. Sigrd, cc. 2, 8.
19. Cf. Herrmann, p. 222; Skaldsk., c. 39; Reg., prose to 5; Islendinga Sögur, ii. 48.
20. Hürnen Seyfried; Nibelungenlied, 87 f.; Akv., 28.
21. Reg., 3 f.; Alviss., passim; Brag., 1.
22. Alviss., 2, 3.
23. Yngl.-saga, c. 15.
24. Munch, p. 309.
25. Alviss., 35; HHj., 30.
26. Vol., 11; Thidriks-saga, xxi. 10.
27. Heldenbuch, p. 694; Grimm [a], ii. 466.
28. See Thorpe, ii. 56 f., 85, 89, 115; Craigie [b], pp. 93, 138, 161, 216 f.; Afzelius, ii. 157; Faer. Anth., i. 326; County Folk-Lore, iii. Orkney and Shetland, p. 20 f.; Sir W. Scott, The Pirate, chap. 19 and notes 7, 10.
29. Heldenbuch, pp. 27 ff.
30. On this see A. Liitjens, Der Zwerg in der deutschen Heldendichtung des Mittelalters, Breslau, 1911.
31. Grimm [a], ii. 458 f.
32. R. Chambers, Book of Days, ii. 83; P. J. Hamilton-Grierson, “Gifts,” ERE vi. 207.
33. Grimm [a], ii. 457, 1416.
34. Grimm [b], i. 18; Thorpe, ii. 146.

377

35. ib., i. 22, cf. [a], ii. 457, 872, iv. 1416; Thorpe, i. 115; Meiche, p. 320.
36. Grimm [c], nos. 91, 113, 116.
37. Grimm [b], i. 116 ff.; [a], ii. 465, note Keightley, pp. 221 f.
38. See African Mythology in this Series, Chapter IX.
39. MacCulloch, “Fairy,” ERE v. 688.

CHAPTER XXVII
1. Vol., 3; Vaf., 31; Hynd., 35; Gylf., c. 5.
2. Vaf., 28 ff.
3. Gylf., c. 6.
4. ib., c. 7.
5. See p. 14.
6. Gylf., cc. 1, 37, 45, Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., c. 17; Skir., Introd.; Hym., 5, and cf. Lok., 60; Harb., 23, 29; Vol., 50.
7. Cf. Thrym.; Hym.; Saxo, vi. 214 (174), vii. 272 (225).
8. Vol., 42.
9. Vaf., 37; Skir., 27; Vol., 50.
10. Saxo, Preface, p. 12 (7), 14 (9); Yngl.-saga, c. 1; Grim., 31; Gylf., c. 15.
11. Skir., prose to 10; Thrym., 5 ff.; Gylf., c. 45; Fjol., 1.
12. Skir., 31; Vaf., 33; Saxo, i. 21 (16), 26 (21).
13. Saxo, vi. 224 (182); FAS, i. 412; Skaldsk., (Vetrlidi the skald) c. 4.
14. Skaldsk., c. 46; Harb., 29; Gylf., c. 49.
15. HHj., 30; Munch, p. 307; Grimm [a], ii. 549.
16. Cf. Vaf. and Hynd.; Skir., 34; Hav., 103 f., 143.
17. Gylf., c. 42; Vol., 50; Grott., 23; Saxo, vii. 268 (223).
18. Gylf., cc. 15, 21, 27, 42, 51; Skaldsk., c. 4.; Vol., 50.
19. Hav., 104; Harb., 20; Grim., 50.
20. Gylf., cc. 6, 49; Hym.
21. See p. 181.
22. Saxo, vii. 271 (225), 268 (223), i. 26 (21); HHj., 17, 24.
23. Vol., 9, 37; Sigrd., 14; cf. Grim., 44, where one manuscript has “Brimir, best of swords.”
24. Skir., 28; Hynd., 34.
25. ib., 35.
26. HHj., 25.
27. Brag., 1; Harb., 19.
28. Gylf., c. 34; Hynd., 42.
29. ib., c. 12; Grim., 39; Vol., 40.
30. Vaf., 37; Vol., 50; Skir., 27; Gylf., c. 18.
31. Brag., 1; HHj., 20.

378

32. ib.; Hav., 104; HBr., 1; Gylf., c. 23.
33. Vol., 50; Gylf., c. 51.
34. Gylf., cc. 4, 51; Vol., 52; Vaf., 17, 18, 50; Faf., 14; Mogk, in Hoops, iv. 300.
35. Saxo, vii. 264 (219); Herrmann, p. 476.
36. Vol., 40; Grim., 39; Gylf., c. 12.
37. Grimm [a], ii. 481, 553.
38. Beowulf, 761, 1260, 1507, 1600; B. Symons, in Paul’s Grundriss, iii. 646; Grettis-saga, p. 197.
39. HHj., 18 f.
40. FAS ii. 3 f., 17 f. Cf. Skaldsk., c. 27; Heimskringla, c. 16; Saxo, viii. 339 (281).
41. Grimm [a], ii. 539; cf. “Giants,” ERE vi. 189 ff.
42. Golther [a], p. 190; Grimm [a], ii. 557.
43. O. Schoning, Dódsriger i nordisk Hedentro, Copenhagen, 1903; Helm, i. 210.
44. Grimm [a], ii. 535 f.
45. ib., ii. 545 f.
46. ib., ii. 551 f.
47. See p. 140.
48. Beowulf, 1558.
49. Skaldsk., c. 42; Sijmons and Gering, i. 487 ff.; Munch, p. 348; Boer, ii. 370. The phrase “mighty maidens” occurs in Vol., 8, and is there used of the giantesses who brought the Golden Age of the gods to an end, as these giant maids brought the earthly Golden Age to an end. According to Saxo, ii. 61 (50), the first of the Frodis of whom he speaks sprinkled his food with pounded gold as a resource against poison. Perhaps this gold was that ground by the maidens, though this myth is not referred to by Saxo.
50. Boer, ii. 370.

CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Gylf., c. 42; Skaldsk., cc. 17, 33.
2. Vol., 40.
3. Land.-bók, ii. 6. 2.
4. Grettis-saga, p. 38.
5. Story of Olaf the Holy, c. 151, Saga Library, iv. 380.
6. Grettis-saga, pp. 191, 194, 196.
7. Grimm [a], ii. 550; Munch, p. 307; Bugge, p. 329.
8. Land.-bók, i. 6. 4.
9. The Banded Men, Saga Library, i. 115; Grettis-saga, p. 8; Harb., 145.
10. Story of Olaf Trygg., c. 87, Saga Library, iii. 334 and iv. 366; K. Liestøl, Norske Trollvisor, Christiania, 1915, pp. 45 ff.

379

11. Grettis-saga, pp. 183, 187.
12. Giantesses, Skaldsk., cc. 4, 75, cf. Rask’s ed., pp. 101, 210; Gylf., c. 12; Witch, Skaldsk., c. 54; Fylgja, HHj., prose to 30 and ff.
13. Hynd., 5; Gylf., c. 49; HH ii. 17; cf. Grimm [a], iii. 1054.
14. Cleasby and Vigfusson, p. 641; Thorpe, i. 218; Arnason, i. 114 f.
15. Thorpe, ii. 1, 11.
16. ib., ii. 115; Craigie [b], pp. 93, 94 ff., 422; Keightley, pp. 94 ff
17. Keightley, p. 95; Thiele, i. 36.
18. Afzelius, ii. 157; Thorpe, ii. 56 f., 85, 89 f.
19. County Folk-Lore, iii. Orkney and Shetland, pp. 20 ff.; A. Edmonston, A View of the Ancient and Present State of the Zetland Islands, Edinburgh, 1809, ii. 75 f. Cf. for “Trows,” English Dialect Dictionary, vi. 243.

CHAPTER XXIX
1. W. H. Roscher, Ephialtes: Eine psych.-mythol. Abhandlung über die Alpträume and Alpdämonen des klassischen Altertums, Leipzig, 1900, p. 48 f.; J. Wier, De Praestigiis Dæmonum, iii. 23; William of Paris, Opera Omnia, p. 1007; P. O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, Munich, 1897- 1906, i. 771; W. M. Wundt, Völkerpsychologie, Leipzig, 1904-10, ii. 2. 118.
2. E. H. Meyer [a], p. 76; Mogk [a], pp. 266, 268, and in ERE iv. 631.
3. E. H. Meyer [a], p. 77; Golther [a], p. 75 f.; Roscher, op. cit., pp. 13, 37; Grimm [b], i. 66, [c], p. 124.
4. Grimm [b], 1. 66, [c], p. 124; Roscher, pp. 13 f.
5. Mogk [a], p. 266; Simrock, p. 437.
6. Craigie [b], p. 272; Simrock, p. 437.
7. Wundt, op. Cit., ii. 2. 118, cf. Psalm xci. 5.
8. Yngl.-saga, c. 16.
9. Munch, p. 47.

CHAPTER XXX
1. On the whole subject see MacCulloch, “Lycanthropy,” in ERE viii. 206 ff.
2. Volsunga-saga, c. 5.
3. ib., c. 8.
4. Eyrb.-saga, c. 25.
5. HH i. 38.
6. Howard the Halt, in Saga Library, i. 2.
7. Egils-sagal, i.
8. Eyrb.-saga, c. 61.

380

9. Land.-bók, ii. 7. 1; iii. 22. 4; Orig. Island., ii. 58; Mogk, p. 272.
10. ib., v. 7. 4. Cf. CPB 1. 425.
11. Sir W. Scott, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, London, 1839, p. 354.
12. R. Schmid, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, Leipzig, 1858, p. 270; Metcalfe, p. 155.
13. Grimm [a], iii. 1094.
14. Boniface, Sermo xv, in PL lxxxix. 870 f.
15. Burchard, (“Corrector”), § 151, in H. J. Schmitz, Die Bussbucher, Dusseldorf, 1898, ii. 442.

CHAPTER XXXI
1. Hav., 143.
2. ib., 145.
3. Egils-sagal, c. 72.
4. Hav., 111, 144.
5. Sigrd., 6 ff.
6. Sophus Muller, i. 359; Clarke, pp. 42, 121.
7. Sigrd., 18 ff.
8. Hav., 144.
9. Sigrd., 5.
10. Rig., 36, 44.
11. Hav., 158; Saxo, iii. 96 (79); Gud., ii. 22 f.
12. Egils-sagal, cc, 44, 57.
13. Saxo, i. 27 (22).
14. Hav., 146 ff. See p. 46.
15. Svip., 1 ff.
16. Hynd., 3.
17. So Clarke, p. 38; cf. p. 47 supra.
18. Am., 30, cf. HH ii. 32; Akv., 30; Skir., 26 f.
19. Yngl.-saga, c. 4; Vol., 22; Lok., 24.
20. A. Lehmann, Aberglaube and Zauberei, Stuttgart, 1908, p. 6; De la Saussaye, p. 389 f.
21. Head, Viga-Glums-saga, p. 48; Grimm [a], i. 403, 407.
22. Saga Library, iv. 491.
23. Hav., 155.
24. Harb., 20; Eyrb.-saga, c. 16.
25. HHj., 15, 28 f.
26. Skaldsk., c. 4; CPB ii. 24.
27. Mogk, in Hoops, ii. 522; Golther [a], p. 117; Grimm [a], iii. 1057.
28. HH i. 30 f.; Saga of Olaf Trygg., c. 30, in Saga Library, iii. 405 and cf. iv. 385.

381

29. FAS iii. 175.
30. ib., ii. 131.
31. Lex Salica, ed. by J. H. Hessels, London, 1880, col. 397 f.
32. Eyrb.-saga, c. 34.
33. See p. 253.
34. Gisla-saga, p. 59.
35. Sigrd., 27.
36. Golther [a], pp. 120-1.

CHAPTER XXXII
1. Grim., 31; Faf., 21; Am., 51; Svip., 41.
2. BDr., 2 f.; Vol., 43, 44, 49, 58.
3. Gylf., c. 49; Skaldsk., c. 5.
4. ib., c. 34.
5. Grimm [a], i. 313.
6. See p. 134; Hrolfs-saga Kraka, iv. 15; Fostbrœdra-saga, c. 4; Thorpe’s Edda, i. 121.
7. Beowulf, 1698; Kemble, i. 396.
8. Vol., 43; Skin, 35; Lok., 63; Fjol., 26; BDr., 4; Gylf., cc. 4, 49.
9. Grim., 44; BDr., 3 f.; Vol., 44, 49, 58; Gylf., c. 51.
10. BDr., 6 f.; Gylf., c. 49.
11. Gylf., c. 49; cf. BDr., 5; Vol., 52.
12. HBr.
13. Saxo, viii. 318 (264).
14. See references in ERE xi. 475-76, “Shoes and Sandals.”
15. Orig. Island., ii. 563.
16. ERE xi. 475-76.
17. Gylf., c. 32; HBr., 8; Am., 38, 41, 47, 51, 91; Ghv., 20; Harb., 27; Lok., 63; Faf., 10, 34, 39; Egils-sagal, c. 45.
18. Widukind, in MGH Scrip., iii. 428.
19. Saxo, i. 37 (31).
20. Yngl.-saga, c. 16; CPB i. 244, 250.
21. Cf. MacCulloch, “Underworld,” ERE xii. 516.
22. Eyrb.-saga, c. 11, cf. c. 23.
23. HH ii. 37 f.
24. Land.-bók, i. 7. 6; ii. 5. 10.
25. Kershaw, pp. 88 ff.
26. Orig. Island., ii. 585.
27. Njals-saga, cc. 77, 78.
28. Grettis-saga, p. 46.
29. ib., p. 97.

382

30. Eyrb.-saga, cc. 34, 51 ff. See MacCulloch, “Vampire,” ERE xii. 589.
31. Saxo, V. 200 (162). For other examples of impaling in Saxo, see i. 32 (26), viii. 333 (277).
32. Jordanes, xiii. 20; Adam of Bremen, iv. 26; Vita S. Inskar., c. 26; Grimm iv. 1739.
33. Halfdan the Black, in Heimskringla, ii. 9; Sigrd, c. 1; cf. “Heroes (Teutonic),” ERE vi. 667.
34. CPB i. 416.
35. Land.-bók, ii. 5. 14, 16; Eyrb.-saga, c. 4; CPB i. 415.
36. Heimskringla, iv. 16.
37. Chadwick, ERE i. 467; Yngl.-saga, c. 53; Ftb., ii. 7.
38. Saxo, i. 44 (36), iii. 91 (75).
39. See p. 191.
40. Indiculus Superst., Grimm, iv. 1739; Burchard, passim.
41. See pp. 127, 198.
42. Harh., 45.
43. Ftb., i. 214; Metcalfe, p. 131.
44. Saxo, i. 27 (22).
45. Hav., 15 7 ; BDr., 4.
46. Am., 25.
47. Saxo, i. 42 (35); CPB ii. 330.
48. Orig. Island., i. 377, 409.
49. ib., ii. 84.
50. Grim., 8 ff.; Vaf., 41; Vol., 43, 62.
51. R. M. Meyer, p. 462.
52. Gylf., cc. 2, 38; Skaldsk., c. 33.
53. ib., cc. 14, 20, 24; Grim., 14; Munch, p. 289; Kauffmann, ZfDA xxxvi. 32 f.; Braune, PBB xiv. 369.
54. Magnusen, p. 557.
55. Gylf., cc. 20, 38, 53; CPB i. 263; Vol., 1, 27, 29; Grim., 48.
56. Saxo, ii. 79 (65); Harb., 24.
57. CPB i. 260, 263; Story of Hakon the Good, c. 32, in Saga Library, iii. 189.
58. FAS i. 424; Munch, p. 313.
59. Yngl.-saga, c. 7.
60. Mogk, in Hoops, i. 255, iv. 474; Golther [a], p. 289.
61. See p. 44; Akv., 32; Reg., 18; Mogk, ERE vi. 303.
62. Golther [a], p. 288; Ranke, Deutsches Sagenbuch, iv. 95 ff.
63. Hartland, pp. 207 ff.
64. Grimm [a], iii. 918 ff., 938; Mogk, in Hoops, i. 255; Golther [a], p. 289.
65. Skaldsk., c. 49; Sorla-thattr, c. 43 f.; Saxo, v. 198 (160). The story is also referred to in Kudrun, and is the subject of a Shetland ballad,

383 cf. M. Hœgstad, Hildinakvadet, Christiania, 1900, and, for the story generally, B. Symons, ed. of Kudrun, Halle, 1914.
66. See p. 320.
67. Akv., 2, 15.
68. M. E. Seaton, “Life and Death (Teutonic),” ERE viii. 43.
69. Yngl.-saga, c. 52; and cf. CPB i. 250. “Hvedrung,” however, may simply mean “giant,” but still applied to Loki.
70. HH ii. 39 ff.; Niedner, Zur Liederedda, 1896, p. 29.
71. MacCulloch, “Eschatology,” ERE v. 373.
72. Gylf., cc. 20, 24, 34; Skaldsk., c. 33.
73. ib., c. 3.
74. Gylf., c. 34.
75. ib., c. 34; Vaf., 43; BDr., 2.
76. ib., cc. 3, 17, 52.
77. Vol., 64.
78. ib., 37.
79. ib., 38 f.
80. Grim., 32, 35; Gylf., cc. 4, 15, 16; Vol., 66.
81. See “Chastity,” “Crimes and Punishments,” and “Oath” (Teutonic sections) in ERE; Sigrd., 23; Reg., 4.
82. Saxo, i. 37 (31).
83. Gud., ii. 23; Vol., 36; Grim., 28; MacCulloch [a], pp. 363 ff., [b], Chapter IX. Another Hel river is Geirvimul, “Swarming with spears,” Grim., 27.
84. Saxo, viii. 344 ff. (286 ff.).
85. Kershaw, p. 87.
86. Rydberg, p. 211; Herrmann [a], pp. 587-88; Fms., iii. 174 f.
87. ib., p. 211.
88. ib., p. 208 f.
89. MacCulloch [a], pp. 378 ff.; [b], Chapter IX; “Descent to Hades (Ethnic),” ERE iv. 653.
90. ib. [b], p. 119.
91. Rydberg, p. 231.

CHAPTER XXXIII
1. Gylf., cc. 4 ff.
2. Vol., 3ff.
3. Boer, in loc., Holmberg, Siberian Mythology, in this Series, Chapter II; Alexander, North American Mythology, p. 279.
4. Vaf., 20 f.
5. Grim., 40 f.
6. Gylf., c. 9.
7. ib., c. 3.

384

8. Tacitus, Annals, xiii. 57.
9. Skaldsk., cc. 23 ff.; CPB i. 277, ii. 55, 194.
10. Grimm [a], ii. 563 ff.; Kemble, i. 408.
11. Vol., 7, 9 ff.
12. Gylf., c. 14.
13. Vol., 17, 18.
14. Gylf., c. 9.
15. ib., c. 3.
16. See Clarke, p. 107 and note.
17. Tacitus, Germ., c. 2.
18. Gylf., c. 34; Brag., c. 1; Skaldsk., cc. 17, 23; Harb., 19; cf. CPB ii. 9.
19. Vol., 56.
20. Gylf., cc. 35, 45, 47; Hym., 23; Vol., 50.
21. Gylf., cc. 9, 14. Asgard is mentioned twice in the Poetic Edda. Loki tells Thor that, if his hammer is not recovered, the giants will dwell in Asgard, Thrym., 17. Thor and Tyr go from Asgard to get the giant Hrym’s kettle, Hym., 7.
22. Gylf., cc. 13, 15, 27, 51; Grim., 29, 44; Faf., 15; HH ii. 48.
23. Vol., 2; Vaf., 43; Alviss., see Sijmons and Gering, i. 152.
24. So Gering, Edda, note to Vaf., 43, p. 66.
25. Mogk, “Neunzahl,” in Hoops, iii. 312.
26. Gylf., c. 4 and see Gering’s note, p. 300; cc. 5, 34, 42; BDr., 2; Vaf., 43; Grim., 26.
27. Vol., 2, 19 f.
28. ib., 27, 47; Svip., 29 f.
29. Gering, Edda, p. 132.
30. Grim., 31 f.
31. Gylf., cc. 15 f.
32. R. M. Meyer, p. 477.
33. Bugge, [b], Introd., p. xxiv.
34. Skaldsk., c. 34.
35. Grim., 25 f.
36. Chadwick [b], p. 78.
37. ib., p. 75 f.; Mullenhoff [a], v. 103 f.
38. E. Welsford, “Old Prussians,” ERE ix. 489.
39. Cf. Gering, Edda, p. 105.
40. CPB i. 246.
41. Chadwick [b], p. 75.
42. Cf. U. Holmberg, Der Baum des Lebens, Helsinki, 1922, pp. 67, 68.
43. ib., p. 75 and passim; cf. also Siberian Mythology in this Series, pp. 349 ff.
44. Gylf., c. 16; Grim., 26.

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45. MacCulloch [c], pp. 442-3.
46. ib., Chapter XVI.
47, ib., p. 441; Holmberg, Finno-Ugric and Siberian Mythology, pp. 222, 333 ff
48. Holmberg, p. 337.
49. ib., pp. 221-2; Der Baum des Lebens, p. 17 f.
50. ib., Der Baum, p. 19; MacCulloch [a], pp. 228, 232.
51. Grimm [a], i. 116.
52. MGH Scrip., iii. 423.
53. A. Olrik, “Irminsul og Gudestøtter,” Maal og Minne, 1910, p. 4 f.; Holmberg, Der Baum, p. 10.
54. E. H. Meyer [b], § 112; Golther, p. 530; Bugge, Studien, pp. 421 ff.
55. Vol., 44, 49, 58; Vaf., 55; BDr., 14; HH ii. 39; Am., 21, 38, 42. Cf. Vaf., 38, 39, 42, tiva rok (tivar, “gods”). Lok., 39.
56. Vol., 8, 21 f., 32; cf. Mogk, ERE iv. 845, “the golden age of the gods came to an end when the Norns came into being.”
57. Vol., 25 f.
58. ib., 39.
59. ib., 57, cf. 45, “the world falls”; Hynd., 44; Vaf., 46 f. and Vol., 40. Cf. p. 199. Gylf., c. 51, speaks of the wolf swallowing the sun, and the other wolf swallowing the moon. The stars vanish from the Heavens. This follows the passage in Grim., 39, and Snorri’s own earlier narrative in c. 12. For Eclipse myths see MacCulloch [a], p. 178; A. Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, London, 1906, i. 132 f.; Grimm [a], i. 244, ii. 705; ERE x. 368. Swedish, Danish, and Norse folk-lore knows the sun-wolf. In Iceland an eclipse is “Ulfa-kreppa.” Golther, p. 524.
60. Vaf., 44 f.; Gylf., c. 53; Hynd., 44; Vol., 41, 45, cf. Gylf., c. 51.
61. Vol., 52, 57; Vaf., 50 f.; Grim., 38; Gylf., cc. 4, 17, 51.
62. In Gylf., c. 51, the mighty winter precedes or is contemporary with these evils.
63. Perhaps Mimir’s sons are giants, if Mimir is to be regarded as a giant, cf. Boer, ii. 22. Hence Heimdall blows his horn, because the giants are in motion.
64. After the account of the mighty winter Snorri here inserts the swallowing of the sun and moon; the trembling of earth and breaking of all fetters; the advance of the Wolf; the sea rushing over the land because the Serpent is stirring in giant fury; the ship Naglfar loose and floating on the flood, steered by Hrym. In Vol., 50, Hrym comes from the East; the Midgard-serpent and the Eagle seem to be with him. The stanza ends with “Naglfar is loose.” Does this mean that they are on board it? Or should this line go with the next stanza, which tells of a

386

vessel coming from the North steered by Loki, with the people of Hel. Is this vessel Naglfar? If the people of Hel are the dead, not giants, Naglfar would be a ship of the dead, and, by a false etymology, the ship made of dead men’s nails. But why should the dead attack the gods? Snorri elsewhere assigns Naglfar to the sons of Muspell, Gylf., c. 43. In c. 51 Snorri says that this ship is made of dead men’s nails, wherefore men should be warned that if a man die with uncut nails he is adding material to this ship, which gods and men would fain see unfinished.
65. The “wild hosts,” fifl-meger, are perhaps the people of fifl, a giant or monster, or “the nameless host who follow without knowing why.”
66. Gylf., c. 51.
67. Vaf., 18, 39, 41 f.
68. BDr., 14; Grim., 4; Vaf., 52.
69. CPB i. 261, 265, ii. 65, 197; Skaldsk., c. 49; HH ii. 39.
70. E. W. West, Pahlavi Texts, in Sacred Books of the East, xviii. 109 f.; N. Söderblom, La vie future d’après Mazdéisme, Paris, 1901, p. 179 f.; Rydberg, pp. 256 ff.; L. H. Grey, ERE ii. 703; A. J. Carnoy, Iranian Mythology, in this Series, p. 307.
71. See MacCulloch [a], p. 232, [b], p. 34.
72. Gylf., c. 51, cf. cc. 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 37, 43, 51.
73. Lok., 42; Vol., 51.
74. Faf., 15; Grim., 29.
75. Grimm [a], ii. 808.
76. ib.; Heliand, 2591, 4358.
77. Golther, p. 541.
78. See these in W. Braune, Althochdeutsche Lesebuch, p. 190 f.
79. Mogk, in Hoops, iii. 288.
80. Vol., 59 ff.
81. Hynd., 45.
82. Vaf., 44 ff.
83. Svip., 30; ERE ii. 702 f.
84. Boer, ii. 58 f.
85. Gylf., c. 52. See p. 318.