205


Notes

CHAPTER I

1 Tacitus (90), XLV.
2 Orosius (87).
3 Adam of Bremen (82), 199.
4 G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, Berlin-Leipzig, 1922; A. Salys, “Prūsai,” Lietuvių Enciklopedija, XXIV (Boston), pp. 146-57.
5 L. Kilian, “Baltische Ortsnamen westlich der Weichsel,” Altpreussen, IV, 3 (1939), pp. 67-68; H. Krahe, “Baltische Ortsnamen westlich der Weichsel?,” Altpreussen, 1943: I, pp. 11-12.
6 V. N. Toporov, “Dve zametki iz oblasti baltijskoj tomonimii,” Rakstu krājums veltījums audd. J Endzelīnam, Riga, 1959, pp. 251-66.
7 A. Kamiński, Jaćwieź, Terytorium, ludnosć, stosunki gospodarcze i spoleczne (Jatvingia. Territory, population, economy and social structure), Ĺódź, Societas Scientiarum Lodziensis, sectio II, No. 14, 1953.
8 Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisej, I, 1, Petersburg, 1908.
9 Būga (1).
10 Vasmer (6).
11 The etymology of Volga as proposed by the linguist Trubetzkoy — in his lectures at the University of Vienna — was as follows: in primitive eastern Slavic, unrounded front vowels changed into rounded back vowels before a tauto-syllabic l, so that jilga must have changed to julga; the initial j was lost before rounded vowels in eastern Slavic, and the initial u acquired an obligatory prothetic v. Thus the form vulga arose, and short u changed in the 12th–13th centuries into o. So through a long series of changes Jilga became Volga. (Oral information by Roman Jakobson.)
12 Thomsen (4)
13 B. A. Serebrennikov, “O nekotorykh sledakh izcheznuvshego indoevropejskogo jazyka v centre Evropejskoj chasti SSSR, blizkogo k baltijskim jazykam” (Traces of an extinct Indo-European language related to the Baltic in the centre of the European part of the USSR), Lietuvių Mokslų Akademijos Darbai (Trudy AN Litovskoj SSR), serija A, vyp. 1 (2), Vilnius, 1957.
14 M. Vasmer, “Die alten Bevölkerungsverhältnisse Russlands im Lichte der Sprachforschung,” Vorträge and Schriften der Preussischen Akademie, No. 5, 1941.

206


CHAPTER II

1 Mark (3), pp. 15, 22; M. V. Vitov, K. Ju. Mark and N. N. Cheboksarov, “Etnicheskaja antropologija vostochnoj pribaltiki” (Physical anthropology of the East Baltic area), Trudy Pribaltijskoj Objedinennoj Kompleksnoj Ekspeditsii, 2, ed. by H. A. Moora, B. A. Rybakov, S. P. Tolstov and N. N. Cheboksarov. Moscow, 1959.
2 Gimbutas (23), pp. 140-76 (including bibliography); Kilian (29); A. Äyrapää, “Über Streitaxtkulturen in Russland,” ESA, VIII (1933).
3 J. Zurek, “Osada neolityczna w Rzucewie w pow. Wejherowskim” (Le village néolithique de Rzucewo, distr. de Wejherowo), Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses, vol. IV, 1954
4 B. Ehrlich (20), “Succase, eine steinzeitliche Siedlung der Schnurkeramiker,” Elbinger Jahrbuch, Bd. XII/XIII (1936).
5 I. Heydeck, “Zwei Steinzeitskelette (liegende Hocker) in dem Prussia-Museum,” Prussia, 18, pp. 46-60

CHAPTER III

1 Odyssey, XVIII, 294-S; Spekke (47), p.18.
2 O. Helm, “Mitteilungen über Bernstein,” Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Danzig, VI, 2 (1885); L. Jonas, “Bernsteinperlen aus einem mykenischen Kuppelgrabe und die Identifizierung ihrer Substanz mit Succinit,” Physisch-Oekonom. Gesellschaft, Konigsberg i. Pr., 49, pp. 35 ff (1908).
3 A. Bezzenberger and E. F. Peiser, “Die Bronzefigur von Schernen,” Prussia, 22 (1909), pp. 424-44; J. Wiesner, “Die Bronzefigur von Schernen, Kr. Memel,” Altpreussen, 1941: 2, pp. 19-22.
4 W. Gaerte, “Die ostbaltische Erdhacke mit Schlangenkopf and ihre europäischen Beziehungen,” Prussia, 30-31 (1933), pp. 241-54
5 A. Gardawski, J. Dabrowski and R. Mikĺaszewska, “Kraal z wczesnej epoki brazu w Biskupinie pow. Żnin” (with résumé in Russian and English), WA, 24 (1957), pp. 189-208.
6 J. Kostrzewski, “Od mezolitu do okresu Wedrówek ludów,” Prehistoria Ziem Polskich: Encyklopedia Polska, IV, 1, 197-200.
7 Gardawski (22).
8 Gimbutas (25).
9 Engel (21); E. Šturms, Regionale Unterschiede in den Beziehungen zwischen dem Ostbaltikum and Skandinavien in der Bronzezeit, Contributions of Baltic University of Pinneberg, No. 53 (1947).
10 Engel (21); Šturms (31).

207


11 Engel (21); W. Gaerte, “Das Hügelgrab von Workeim, Kreis Heilsberg,” Prussia, 27, pp. 279-81.
12 Vankina (32), pp. 66-68; Moora (14), PP- 47-49.
13 Reports in: Prussia, 15 (1890), pp. 125-7, 139-53; 23 (1914), pp. 85-159, 459-68; 29 (1931), pp. 47 ff. Also Gaerte (10); Engel (21).
14 G. Bujack, “Das Hügelgräberfeld vorchristlicher Zeit in dem Drusker Forst,” Prussia, 15, pp. 139-53
15 H. J. Eggers, “Hausurnen in Pommern,” Mitteilungen aus dem vorg. Seminar der Universität Greifswald (1940); J. Antoniewicz, “The origin and chronology of the Pomeranian hut urns,” PA, VII, 1 (1946), pp. 93-98; F. Oelmann, “Pfahlhausurnen,” Germania, 37 (1959), pp. 205-23.
16 W. La Baume and H. Seger, “Gesichtsurnenkultur,” Reallexicon, Bd. IV, 1926.
17 W. La Baume, “Die Anfangsstufe der ostgermanischen Gesichtsurnenkultur,” Prussia, 32 (1939), pp. 215-74 (German scholars in the twenties and during the Nazi period held the “Face-urn culture” to be “East Germanic”).
18 W. La Baume, “Der Moorleichenfund von Dröbnitz, Kr. Osterode, Ostpreussen,” Altpreussen, V, 2, 1940.
19 K. O. Rossius, “Die sogenannten Pfahlbauten Ostpreussens,” PZ, Bd. 24, 1933.
20 Antoniewicz (19); also J. Dabrowski in WA, 26 (1960), pp. 226-72
21 Heym (26).
22 E. Petersen, “Die frühgermanische Kultur in Ostdeutschland and Polen,” Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen, Bd. II, 2, 1929.
23 So far no monographs exist on Pot-covered urn culture. Reports are in: Światowit, 13 (1929), pp. 95-148; 15 (1938), pp. 313-332; WA, 7 (1922), pp. 98-106; 9 (1924/5), pp. 246-60; 12 (1933), pp. 43-100; 20 (1954), pp. 134-71; 23 (1956), pp. 297-308; PA, 8 (1948), pp. 55-59; Biblioteka Prehistoryczna, 1 (1930), pp. 241-65; Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses, 5 (1955), pp. 49-59; 7 (1957), pp. 144-53; 8-9 (1958), pp. 150-78; M St 1 (1956), pp. 135-47.
24 T. Sulimirski, “Die Kisten- and die Glockenbecherkulturen in Südost-polen” (Kultura grobów skrzynkowych i podkloszowych w Maĺopolsce Wschodniej), Światowit, tom XV, 1932/33. Yu. V. Kukharenko, “Pam’jatniki zheleznogo veka na territorii Poles’ja” (Iron Age sites in Polesie), Arkheologja SSSR, Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov, vyp. D1-29, Moscow, 1961.
25 J. Eggers, “Die Mittel-Latènezeit in Mittelpommern,” Baltische Studien, 43 (1953), pp. 13-16; R. Woĺagiewicz, “Uwagi do zagadnienia stosunków kulturowych w okresie lateńskim na Pomorzu Zachodnim,” Materiaĺy Zachodnio-Pomorskie, 5 (1959), pp. 121-43.

208


26 W. Antoniewicz, “Zagadnienie Gotów i Gepidów na ziemiach polskich w okresie rzymskim” (A contribution to the question of Goths and Gepids in Poland in the Roman period), Przeglad Zachodni, No. 5/7, 1951. Z. Kmieciński, “Wedrówka gotów,” Z Otchĺani Wieków, 25 (1959), pp. 8-16.
27 Reports in: Prussia, 22 (1909), pp. 376-453; Altpreussen, 1940: 3.

CHAPTER IV

1 Bader (33).
2 Merpert (36).
3 Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė and Tautavičius (12), pp. 113-28; P. F. Tarasenko, “Gorodishcha Litvy” (Hill-forts of Lithuania), KSIIMK, vyp. 42, 1952. A. G. Mitrofanov, “K istorii naselenija srednej Belorusii v epokhu rannego zheleza,” Avtoreferat, Leningrad University, 1955.
4 O. N. Mel’nikovskaja, “Drevnejshie gorodishcha juzhnoj Belorussii” (The earliest hill-forts in southern Byelo-Russia), KSIIMK, vyp. 70, 1957. The Milograd group was revealed in the last decade, but its sites already total 140; Yu. V. Kukharenko, “Pam’jatniki zheleznogo veka na territorii Poles’ja” (Iron Age sites in Polesie), Arkheologja SSSR, Svod Arkbeologicheskikh Istochnikov, vyp. D1-29, Moscow, 1961.
5 S. S. Berezanskaja, “Novye pam’jatniki epokhi bronzy i rannego zheleza v bassejne Sejma” (New Bronze and early Iron Age finds in the basin of R. Sejm), KSIIMK, 67, 1957; S. S. Berezanskaja, “Pam’jatki periodu serednoj bronzy na Desni to Sejmi” (Middle Bronze Age finds in the basins of the Desna and Sejm rivers), Arkheologija, tom XI, 1957; Ilinskaja (34); Levenok (35); M. V. Voevodskij, “Gorodishcha verkhnej Desny” (Hill-forts in the basin of Upper Desna), KSIIMK, vyp. 24, 1949; Nikol’skaja (37), pp. 14-36.
6 Herodotus (85).
7 A. A. Shakhmatov, Russkaja istoricheskaja dialektologija, St Petersburg, 1910/11, mimeographed, 144 pp.
8 Pliny (88), IV, 12, 88; Ammianus Marcellinus, XXII, 8, 40.
9 Nikol’skaja (37), pp. 32-35.
10 J. V. Kukharenko, “K voprosu proiskhozhdenii zarubinetskoj kul’tury,” SA, 1960–1, pp. 289-300; P. N. Tret’jakov (ed.), “Pam’jatniki zarubineckoj kul’tury,” MIA, 70 (1959).

209


CHAPTER V

1 Engel (43); Gimbutienė (11); Moora (45), II, pp. 21-56.
2 J. Antoniewicz, “Odkrycie grobu rolnika jaćwieckiego z narzedziami produkcji z okresu rzymskiego” (Discovery of the Jatwingian farmer’s grave from the Roman period), Rocznik Białostocki, III, 1962.
3 L. Krzywicki, “Grodziska górno-litewskie” (The earthworks of Upper Lithuania), Pamietnik Fizyograficzny, vol. XXIV, Warsaw, 1917
4 Stankevich (48), pp. 89-90.
5 Stankevich (48), pp. 90-91.
6 Pliny (88), pp. 397-404.
7 Tacitus (90), XLV, pp. 340-3.
8 Pliny (88), VI, chapter 11.
9 Pliny (88), VI, chapter 12.
10 Sculptures reproduced in Spekke (47).
11 M. Cary, The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History, Oxford 1949 (map of amber routes in Noricum, Pannonia and Dacia).
12 R. E. M. Wheeler, Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers, London, 1954, p. 14.
13 Bolin (41).
14 Moora (45), II, pp. 578 ff.
15 A. Brinkmann, “Funde von Terra sigillata in Ostpreussen,” Prussia, 21, pp. 71-77; W. Gaerte, “Römische Importwaren aus ostpreussischen Gräbern,” Prussia, 28, pp. 372-4; V. Ģinters, “Romas imports Latvijā,” Senatne un Māksla, 1936: 2, pp. 47-61; Moora (45), II, pp. 586-92; J. Puzinas, “Die Flügelfibel in Litauen,” Festschrift Wable, Heidelberg, 1950, pp. 189-99.
16 Moora (45), II, pp. 586-89.
17 Moora (45), II; basic source of information on the forms, origin, and chronology of ornaments and other objects of the period from o to A.D. 500.
18 H. Moora, “Zur Frage nach der Herkunft des ostbaltischen emailverzierten Schmucks,” SMYA, 40, pp. 75-90; P. Kulikauskas, “Emaliuotieji dirbiniai Lietuvoje” (Enameled ornaments in Lithuania), Vytauto D. Kultūros Muziejaus Metraštis, I, Kaunas, 1941, pp. 43 ff.
19 J. Baye, “Les bronzes émaillés de Mostchina gouvernement de Kaluga (Russie),” Paris, 1891; Boulitchov (42); A. A. Spicyn, “Drevnosti basejnov riek Oki i Kamy,” Materialy op Arkheologii Rossii, 25, St Petersburg, 1901; A. M. Tallgren, “Enameled ornaments in the valley of the Desna,” ESA, II (1937), pp. 147-56.
20 Distribution of the Baltic enameled ornaments in eastern Europe: Moora (15), p. 27.

210


21 J. Antoniewicz, M. Kaczyński and J. Okulicz, “Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w 1956 roku na cmentarzysku kurhanowym w miejsc. Szwajcaria, pow. Suwalki” (Results of the 1956 excavations of barrows in Szwajcaria, district of Suwalki), WA, tom. XXV, 1-2, 1958; J. Antoniewicz, “Badania kurhanów z okresu rzymskiego dokonane w 1957 r. w miejscowości Szwajcaria pow. Suwalki” (The 1957 excavations of the barrows in Szwajcaria, district of Suwalki, dating from the Roman period), WA, vol. XXVII, 1, 1961; J. Antoniewicz, “Several imported objects from the Roman period found in the Sudovian tribal territory,” Swiatowit, vol. XXIV, 1962.
22 J. Okulicz, WA, XXVII, 1, 1961, pp. 82-90; J. Jaskanis, WA, XXV, 1-2, 1958, pp. 75-98, and Rocznik Biaĺostocki, I, Biaĺystok, 1961, pp. 131-91; D. and J. Jaskanis, WA, XXVII, 1, 1961, pp. 27-49; W. Ziemlińska-Odojowa, Rocznik Biaĺostocki, I, Biaĺystok, 1961, pp. 193-221; T. Żurowski, WA, XXVII, 1, 1961, pp. 58-82.
23 Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė and Tautavičius (12), pp. 300-2.

CHAPTER VI

1 S. Nosek, “Zabytki brazowe z Niewiadomej w powiecie sokoĺowskim na Podlasiu,” MA, II, 1960, pp. 333-47; also: cemetery of Virtki in Polesie north of the River Pripet, dating from the 6th-7th centuries and having very close analogies in the eastern Lithuanian cemeteries.
2 Puzinas (16), pp. 120-3
3 Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė and Tautavičius (12), p. 273.
4 Ģinters (51); Balodis (54), pp. 37 ff.; Balodis (8), pp. 84, 89.
5 Orosius (87), pp. 53, 54
6 Rimbert (89), p. 232.
7 B. Ehrlich, “Elbing, Benkenstein and Meislatein. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Trusoforschung,” Mannus Z. , Bd 24, 1932; Ebert (50).
8 O. Kleemann, “Die vorgeschichtlichen Funde bei Cranz and die Siedlung von Wiskiauten,” Prussia, Bd XXXIII, 1939.
9 E. Petersen, “Fragen der germanischen Besiedlung im Raume zwischen Oder and Weichsel in der Völkerwanderungszeit,” Mannus, XXVIII, pp. 19-65; also Engel–La Baume, 1937, pp. 175 ff.
10 Engel–La Baume (9), p. 166.
11 The letter of Theodoricus was written by his secretary Roman F. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus and is found in his work Variae, Book V, published in 537: Hodgins (86), p. 546.
12 Ju. V. Kukharenko, “Pam’jatniki prazhskogo tipa na territorii pridneprav’ja,” Slavia antiqua, VII (1960), pp. 111-24; I. I. Ljapushkin, “Mesto

211


romensko-borshevskikh pam’jatnikov sredi slavjanskikh drevnostej,” Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 20, p. 58.
13 Barrows and hill-forts of Svinukhovo, Ogubskoe and Vorotyncevo on the River Oka and its tributary the River Zusha: Nikol’skaja (37), pp. 37-57.
14 V. V. Sedov, “Krivichi,” SA, 1960: I, pp. 46-63.
15 K. Būga, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (The dictionary of the Lithuanian language). Introduction. Kaunas, 1924
16 Sedov, ibid., pp. 56-58.
17 Ibid., p. 59.
18 Ibid., pp. 47-48, 60; barrows from the excavations by A. A. Spicyn at the end of the 19th century.
19 Cemeteries and hill-forts on the small rivers Snopot and Serena: Boulitchov (42), pp. 39-42, 58-61, 63, 67-78.
20 G. Vernadsky, The Origins of Russia, Oxford, 1959, p. 266.
21 Nerman (53).
22 Rimbert (89), pp. 232 ff.

CHAPTER VII

1 Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, III, 116, ed. W. Morris, E. Magnusson, London, 1893-1905.
2 Snorre Sturleson, Ynglinga-saga, ed. F. Jónsson, Samfund til Udgivelse of gammel nordisk Literatur, No. 23, Kopenhagen, 1893-1900, I, 73 ff.
3 Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum Monumentis Germaniae Historicis, ed. L. Arbusow and A. Bauer, Hanover, 1955.
4 B. Nerman (64), pp. 165-80; Nerman, “Einige auf Gotland gefundene ostbaltische Gegenstände der jüngeren Eisenzeit,” Verhandlungen, vol. 30, 2, 1938.
5 Eddison (84), pp. 87-90.
6 Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė and Tautavičius (12), p. 514; also Nagevičius (63); Hoffmann (57).
7 Johansen (58), pp. 263-4.
8 Puzinas (16), pp. 115-20, pls. 47-51; Kulikauskienė (60).
9 Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė and Tautavičius (12), pp. 413, 510; Balodis (8), pp. 160, 173.
10 J. Antoniewicz, “Kontakty Sĺowiansko-pruskie,” WA, XXII, 3-4, pp. 233-77.
11 Balodis (8), pp. 160-76.
12 Adam of Bremen (82), p. 199.
13 Dusburg (83).
14 Puzinas (16), pp. 120-5.

212


15 Ģinters (51); Moora (14), pp. 144-5
16 Brivkalne (55).
17 Ģinters (56).
18 Balodis (54); Moora (14), pp. 155 ff.; Shnore (66); Shnore (65).
19 Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė and Tautavičius (12), pp. 369-76.
20 Volynian (or Hypatios) chronicle of 1201–92: “Lietopis’ po ipatskomu spisku,” Petersburg, 1871, II, p. 187.
21 A. Salys, “Prūsai,” Lietuvių Enciklopedija, 24, 1961.

CHAPTER VIII

1 Mannhardt (75), pp. 122, 130.
2 Tret’jakov (81).
3 Adam of Bremen (82), p. 197.
4 Sudauerbüchlein: Mannhardt (75), p. 244.
5 Mannhardt (75), p. 88.
6 Historia Poloniae, by Dĺugosz (1413-18): Mannhardt (75), p. 142.
7 Hermann de Wartberge, Chronicum Livoniae, Leipzig, 1863. Mannhardt (75), p. 124.
8 Mannhardt (75), p. 141.
9 Ibid., p. 175.
10 Šturms (79).
11 Orosius (87), pp. 54-56.
12 Gimbutas (23), p. 82; R. Feustel, “Bronzezeitliche Hügelgräberkultur im Gebiet von Schwarza, Südthüringen,” Veröfentlichungen des Museums für Ur- and Frübgeschichte Thüringens, 1.
13 Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae, 1225/27, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum Monumentis Germaniae Historicis, ed. L. Arbusow and A. Bauer, Hanover, 1955; Mannhardt (75), p. 33.
14 Mannhardt (75), p. 85.
15 J. Kleijntjenss, Fontes historiae Latviae Societatis Jesu, I, Riga, 1940, p. 479.
16 Mannhardt (75), p. 120.
17 Ibid., p. 30.
18 Straubergs (77), p. 132.
19 Straubergs (77).
20 Mannhardt (75), p. 17.
21 Praetorius’ Deliciae Prussicae c. 1684: Mannhardt (75), pp. 570 ff.
22 Mannhardt (75), p. 41.
23 Peter Dusburg in 1326 (83); Mannhardt (75), p. 103.
24 By Volynian Chronicle in 1252: Mannhardt (75), p. 51.

213


25 M. Stryjkowski, “Kronika polska, litewska,” 1582: Mannhardt (75), p. 332.
26 Gimbutas (73).
27 Ibid., pp. 94, 95
28 Balys (68), pp. 32-42
29 Mannhardt (75), pp. 228 ff.
30 Ibid., p. 331.
31 Biezais (71); Balys (68), pp. 76-89.
32 Biezais (72).
33 Mannhardt (74); Gimbutas (73).
34 Ibid.; Balys (68), pp. 42-51.
35 Mannhardt (75), pp. 570 ff.
36 Mannhardt (74).
37 Mannhardt (75), p. 135.
38 Balys (68), pp. 7-15; Gimbutas (73), pp. 47, 102; E. Zicāns, Der altlettische Gott Pērkons, Riga, 1938.
39 Gimbutas (73), pp. 25-36; Balys (68), pp. 65-76.
40 Eneo Silvio, beginning of the 15th century: Mannhardt (75), p. 135.
41 J. Dlugosz, 1455-80: Mannhardt (75), p. 139.
42 Balys (68), pp. 25-32.